Nonlinearities correlation of n-alkanes and n-alcohols physicochemical properties

Tregubov Dmytro

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1821-822X

Trefilova Larisa

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9061-4206

Minska Natalya

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8438-0618

Hapon Yuliana

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3304-5657

Sokolov Dmitry

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7772-6577

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2024-39-1

Keywords: n-alcohols, n-alkanes, physicochemical properties, cluster, model, nonlinearity, calculation convergence

Аnnotation

Correspondences between the changes nonlinearity in substance physico-chemical parameters and the influence mechanisms on them by the substance supramolecular structure in the calculated dependencies form for n-alkanes and n-alcohols was established. Similarity, change features and correlation between such parameters as melting point, boiling point, flash point, self-ignition, density, solubility in water, viscosity, vaporization heat, surface tension were investigated. The paper obtained 14 calculated dependencies that calculate these parameters on the established similarity basis between them and the lengths of the molecule or cluster with sufficient correlation coefficients. For viscosity, vaporization heat and surface tension, change general dependences are established, but without taking into account oscillatory deviations. Calculated dependences between substance characteristic temperatures were obtained: melting temperatures of alkanes and alcohols, boiling and flash temperatures in homologous series, autoignition and melting temperatures (flash, boiling). This correlation is explained by the fact that supramolecular structures are formed according to a similar principle in matter different states and during the combustion initiation. Such structures modeling for the solid, liquid state, and solubility in water was carried out, taking into account different coordination numbers, globulation, and changes in the clustering place according to the molecule length. On the such modeling basis and the "melting ease" indicator, dependencies have been developed for calculation with the dependencies nonlinearities reflection of alkanes and alcohols density and melting temperature. For the boiling and flash point, vaporization heat of alcohols, the deviation from linearity is taken into account by the cluster length reduction parameter. It is shown that the considered dependencies modulation by the cluster length allows to describe their anomalies and increases the calculation convergence.

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Study of extinguishing a model fire of class "B" with bulk materials

Makarenko Viktoriya

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5629-1159

Kireev Oleksandr

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8819-3999

Chyrkina-Kharlamova Maryna

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2060-9142

Minska Natalya

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8438-0618

Sharshanov Andrew

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9115-3453

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2023-38-19

Keywords: flammable liquids, gasoline, fire-extinguishing properties, expanded perlite, crushed foam glass, composition optimization

Аnnotation

The costs of components of the fire extinguishing system based on light loose materials for extinguishing a medium-sized class "B" model fire were experimentally determined. According to the results of preliminary studies on extinguishing a model fire of class "B" of small sizes, as components of such a system, granular foam glass with a granule size of 10–15 mm, expanded perlite with a granule size of 1,2±0,2 mm or vermiculite with a plate size of 1×2 mm and sprayed water. Styrofoam in such a system ensures its buoyancy and cooling of the surface layer of the burning liquid. The fine powder of expanded perlite improves the insulating properties of the fire extinguishing system. The water supplied to the upper layer of loose materials, in addition to increasing the insulating and cooling properties of the system, ensured the long-term absence of re-ignition. To increase the economic parameters of the fire extinguishing system, its composition was optimized according to the effect-cost parameter. It was established that the lowest economic costs for extinguishing gasoline are provided by the sequential supply of three components: crushed foam glass, dispersed expanded perlite and sprayed water with such specific surface costs – 6,7 kg/m2, 1,6 kg/m2 and 2,0 kg/m2 in accordance. For the optimized composition, a study was carried out on extinguishing a standard model fire 2"B", the results of which are close to the results obtained on model fires of small and medium sizes. It is shown that the proposed fire extinguishing system based on light loose materials has advantages in terms of economic and environmental parameters compared to existing and previously proposed means of extinguishing flammable liquids. Means of feeding light loose materials are proposed. The areas of work in the implementation of a fire extinguishing system based on light loose materials in the practice of fire extinguishing have been noted.

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Оptimization of the parameers of the placement of elements of the acoustic system for orientation of rescuer's equipment

Levterow Alexander

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5926-7146

Statyvka Yevhenii

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1536-2031

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2023-38-20

Keywords: acoustic device, sensor, acoustic resistance, reflection coefficient, visual control

Аnnotation

Experimentally determined correction values of the distance to the obstacle depending on the acoustic impedance of the environment for the acoustic device of the rescuer's equipment. The measurement results were obtained using the developed experimental setup, which took into account, in real time, changes in acoustic impedance and temperature of the environment using a two-channel temperature meter and an optical penetration sensor of the environment. The temperature of the environment (in the confined space) varied from 20 °C to 60 °C, and the optical penetration index from 0 to 100 %, where 100 % corresponds to complete optical opacity of the environment. Dependencies of the propagation of acoustic waves upon changing the optical permeability of the medium and temperature were obtained. The correction value for the distance to the obstacle calculated by the acoustic device at a distance of 1000 mm was (+0,013 m). The relative error during the measurements did not exceed 2 %. It was found that when the wave impedance increases, the indicators of the distance to the obstacle decrease, so the corrective dependence has a positive value. The obtained results make it possible to increase the reliability of the readings of the acoustic device as an additional equipment of the rescuer. The data obtained as a result of the experiment make it possible to display the shape of the obstacle in more detail. Approximating polynomials of the reflection coefficient of acoustic waves depending on the volume content of inclusions at angles of incidence from 0 °С to 30 °С have been determined. The use of the obtained polynomials allows to increase the speed of the program code of the control microcontroller of the acoustic device. The obtained dependencies are taken into account in the calculation algorithm of the program code of the microcontroller of the acoustic device for determining the shape and distance to the obstacle, which makes it possible to increase the efficiency of the rescuer's orientation in conditions of unsatisfactory visual control during emergency rescue operations.

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Increasing the effectiveness of extinguishing fires in the undercarriage of the subway with gel-forming compounds

Ostapov Kostiantyn

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1275-741X

Senchykhyn Iurii

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5983-2747

Avetisian Vadim

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5986-2794

Haponenko Yuri

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0854-5710

Kirichenko Igor

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7375-8275

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2023-38-18

Keywords: flammable substance, gel-forming composition, subway car, undercarriage extinguishing trolley

Аnnotation

The effectiveness of extinguishing fires in the undercarriage space of cars at subway stations has been increased due to the use of a special trolley for supplying gel-forming compounds to hard-to-reach places under subway cars. In order to ensure the delivery of the gelling system to hard-to-reach places under the subway cars, it is proposed to use a special cart that moves inside the main track of the subway in the deepened tray of the water collector, thanks to a cable winch on the «pull-push» principle with an autonomous electric reversing drive. To confirm the effectiveness of extinguishing, on a special stand that allowed changing the position of the model hearth in space, to the position of the conventional ceiling-floor, comparative experiments were conducted for three types of the most common fire extinguishing agents, with the determination of the average values of the time and consumption of fire extinguishing agents for fire extinguishing, with at different angles of inclination of their submission. It is recognized that the use of gel-forming compounds when extinguishing equipment elements in the undercarriage space helps to reduce extinguishing costs and allows to extinguish the fire under the car 2,5 times faster. It was established that the change in the angle of inclination of the burning surface significantly affects the effectiveness of extinguishing with water and fire-extinguishing powder. The obtained data confirm the expediency of creating special carts for undercarriage extinguishing using fire-extinguishing gelling compounds. The obtained results are useful and im-portant, as they confirm the increase in the effectiveness of extinguishing the weighted space with gel-forming compositions, reflect a reduction in times of time and consumption of fire extinguishing agent when using gel-forming compositions. The use of a special weighted extinguishing cart with gel-forming compositions allows automated remote extinguishing in hard-to-reach places of the weighted space, which significantly increases the safety of rescuers when extinguishing such fires.

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