Оptimization of the composition of neutral gases for fire extinguishing in museum reservoirs

Ostapov Kostiantyn

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1275-741X

Oleksii Chaplyhin

State Emergency Service of Ukraine in the Kharkiv region

http://orcid.org/0009-0005-9818-0277

Lisniak Andrii

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5526-1513

Hrytsyna Ihor

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2581-1614

Shevchenko Serhii

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6740-9252

Kryvoruchko Yevhen

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7332-9593

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2024-40-8

Keywords: museum storage facilities, fire extinguishing mixture of neutral gases, architectural, structural and spatial planning solutions, fire protection

Аnnotation

          An effective fire extinguishing system has been created for extinguishing fires in museum warehouses with a mixture of neutral gases that do not distort museum artistic values and are able to compete with the best foreign examples of volumetric gas fire extinguishing systems. The proportion of the gas mixture consisting of argon, nitrogen and carbon dioxide has been optimized for fire extinguishing of museum art treasures. Taking into account the requirements of the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer, an analysis of the state of the issue and the specifics of the solution to the problem of gas extinguishing fires in art museums and their fund storages was carried out. The direction of improvement of the existing automatic volumetric fire extinguishing installations with neutral gases has been determined. An effective and relatively inexpensive composition of a mixture of neutral gases has been developed for use in volume extinguishing of possible fires in fund repositories and museums, which ensures the preservation of material and artistic-aesthetic values without their distortion. Volume fractions of two mixtures of neutral gases № 14 (CO2=50 %, N2=40 %, Ar=10 %) and № 15 (СО2= 40 %, N2=50 %, Ar=10 %) were determined, which are close by its composition and have the best fire-extinguishing efficiency indicators in terms of extinguishing time of the model fire 4.6 s and 4.8 s. A test laboratory stand was created, as an analogue of a volumetric gas fire extinguishing installation with a mixer of the components of the proposed working mixture of neutral gases, on which the indicators of the effectiveness of extinguishing model fires were worked out when extinguishing samples of various fragments of artistic underdrawings on parts of line and Whatman. The technical parameters of the working chamber of the laboratory stand are substantiated, and the rational ratio of pressures filling the stand mixer with components of a mixture of neutral gases is recognized based on its mathematical model, which makes it possible to improve existing industrial installations of various sizes. The price reduction of the proposed neutral gas is justified.

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Silicophosphate fireproof coatings for building finishing materials

Lysak Nataliia

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5338-4704

Skorodumova Olga

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8962-0155

Chernukha Anton

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0365-3205

Sharshanov Andrew

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9115-3453

Goncharenko Yana

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1766-3244

Shcherbak Serhii

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1133-0120

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2024-40-6

Keywords: silica, fire-resistant coatings, phosphate buffers, building materials, heat resistance, fire resistance, wood, expanded polystyrene

Аnnotation

The composition of silicophosphate composition based on liquid glass for fire protection of building finishing materials has been developed. The compositions were prepared by mixing aqueous solutions of liquid glass and acetic acid with the addition of phosphate buffer solutions with a pH of 6–8. The phase composition of the experimental compositions was investigated by infrared spectroscopy and the formation of Si–O–P bonds was established, which indicates the incorporation of phosphate ions into the siloxane framework of polysilicic acid gels. It was established that the polycondensation mechanism is influenced by the pH value of the phosphate buffer solution, as well as its content. The use of a buffer solution with a pH of 6 leads to the initialization of mainly net polycondensation in liquid glass sols. Increasing the pH to 7–8 ensures linear polycondensation of polysilicic acid, which increases the homogeneity of the gel coating, provides elasticity, and increases its fire-retardant effect. Conducted fire tests showed that the best fire-resistant properties have systems with a buffer solution content of 20–25 % with a pH of 7, which provide maximum resistance to fire and minimal loss of mass of samples during exposure to high temperatures. For such compositions, the 1st group of flame retardant efficiency is established, and the treatment of wood samples with them allows the material to be transferred to the "high-flammability" group. Extruded polystyrene samples covered with the developed compositions do not burn, the absence of burning drops is noted. The obtained results emphasize the prospects for the further development of such systems for the protection of building materials.

References

1. Zhang, C., Jiang, Y., Li, S., Huang, Z., Zhan, X., Ma, N., Tsai, F. (2022). Recent trends of phosphorus-containing flame retardants modified polypropylene composites processing. Heliyon, 8(11), e11225. doi: 10.1016/ j.heliyon.2022.e11225
2. Varganici, C., Rosu, L., Bifulco, A., Rosu, D., Mustata, F., Gaan, S. (2022). Recent advances in flame retardant epoxy systems from reactive DOPO–based phosphorus additives. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 202, 110020. doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110020
3. Zheng, T., Wang, W., Liu, Y. (2021). A novel phosphorus‐nitrogen flame retardant for improving the flame retardancy of polyamide 6: Preparation, properties, and flame retardancy mechanism. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 32(6), 2508–2516. doi:10.1002/pat.5281
4. Yan, Y., Liang, B. (2019). Flame-retardant behavior and mechanism of a DOPO-based phosphorus–nitrogen flame retardant in epoxy resin. High Performance Polymers, 31(8), 885–892. doi:10.1177/0954008318805794
5. Giraudo, M., Dubé, M., Lépine, M., Gagnon, P., Douville, M., Houde, M. (2017). Multigenerational effects evaluation of the flame retardant tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) using Daphnia magna. Aquatic Toxicology, 190, 142–149. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.07.003
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   2015.03.028
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Мodel of spill shape and size when liquid is leaking and burning

Oliinik Volodymyr

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5193-1775

Basmanov Oleksii

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6434-6575

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2024-40-7

Keywords: flammable liquid spill, spill fire, spill form, steady state

Аnnotation

A model was built to determine the maximum length and width of a spill of a flammable liquid burning and flowing down an inclined plane, under the condition of a constant speed of its outflow. The model is based on a parabolic differential equation that describes the thickness of the liquid layer on the soil surface. It is shown that the maximum spill length and width are achieved in a steady state, which occurs due to the establishment of a balance between the amount of liquid entering the spill due to leakage and the amount of liquid consumed due to burnout. As the angle of inclination increases, the shape of the spill becomes more and more elongated along the direction of the surface inclination. A decrease in the linear burnout rate or an increase in the volume flow rate has the same effect. On the contrary, decreasing the angle of inclination of the surface and increasing the linear speed of burning or decreasing the volumetric flow rate leads to the fact that the shape of the spill approaches a circle. It is shown that for surface inclination angles of no more than 20º, there is a similarity in the processes of liquid spreading. This means that an increase in the volume flow rate is equivalent to a linear transformation of the spatial and temporal coordinates with a simultaneous decrease in the angle of inclination and the linear burnout rate. An algorithm for calculating the maximum length and maximum width of a spill for an arbitrary combustible liquid at a given volume intensity of flow on an inclined surface is built, which is based on the similarity of the processes of liquid spreading on an inclined surface and uses diagrams of the dependence of the maximum length and width of the spill on the angle of inclination of the surface and the linear speed of burning for a reference volumetric flow rate of 10 l/s. The obtained results can be used to determine the height of the flame and the density of the heat flow from the fire to nearby technological objects.

References

1. Liu, J., Li, D., Wang, Z., & Chai, X. (2021). A state-of-the-art research progress and prospect of liquid fuel spill fires. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 28, 101421. doi: 10.1016/j.csite.2021.101421
2. Vasilchenko, A., Otrosh, Y., Adamenko, N., Doronin, E., & Kovalov, A. (2018). Feature of fire resistance calculation of steel structures with intumescent coating. MATEC Web of Conferences, 230, 02036. doi: 10.1051/matecconf/201823002036
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4. Amin, M. T., Scarponi, G. E., Cozzani, V., & Khan, F. (2024). Improved pool fire-initiated domino effect assessment in atmospheric tank farms using structural response. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 242, 109751. doi: 10.1016/j.ress.2023.109751
5. Reniers, G., Cozzani, V. (2013). Features of Escalation Scenarios. Domino Effects in the Process Industries, 30–42. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-54323-3.00003-8
6. Etkin, D. S., Horn, M., Wolford, A. (2017). CBR-Spill RISK: Model to Calculate Crude-by-Rail Probabilities and Spill Volumes. International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings, 2017(1), 3189–3210. doi: 10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.3189
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10. Zhao, J., Zhu, H., Zhang, J., Huang, H., & Yang, R. (2020). Experimental study on the spread and burning behaviors of continuously discharge spill fires under different slopes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 392, 122352. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122352
11. Li, Y., Meng, D., Yang, L., Shuai, J. (2022). Experimental study on the burning rate of continuously released spill fire on open surface with measurement of burning fuel thickness. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 36, 102217. doi: 10.1016/j.csite.2022.102217
12. Li, Z., Wang, Q., Li, H., Tang, F. (2023). Experimental study on spread radius and burning rate of spill fires on a fine sand substrate. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 148 (21), 12109–12118. doi: 10.1007/s10973-023-12535-0
13. Keller, J., Simmons, C. (2005). The Influence of Selected Liquid and Soil Properties on the Propagation of Spills Over Flat Permeable Surfaces. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Available at: https://www.pnnl.gov/main/publications/
    external/technical_reports/PNNL-15058.pdf
14. Abramov, Y., Basmanov, O., Khmyrov, I., & Oliinik, V. (2022). Justifying the experimental method for determining the parameters of liquid infiltration in bulk material. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 4/10(118), 24–29. doi: 10.15587/1729-4061.2022.262249
15. Abbasi, T., Kumar, V., Tauseef, S. M., & Abbasi, S. A. (2018). Spread rate of flammable liquids over flat and inclined porous surfaces. Journal of Chemical Health & Safety, 25(5), 19–27. doi: 10.1016/j.jchas.2018.02.004
16. Sahin, E., Lattimer, B., Duarte, J. (2023). Assessing spill fire characteristics through machine learning analysis. Annals of Nuclear Energy, 192, 109961. doi: 10.1016/j.anucene.2023.109961
17. Oliinik, V., Basmanov, O., Mykhailovska, Yu. (2022). Method of experimental determining the parameters of impregnating a liquid into the soil. Problems of Emergency Situations, 2(36), 15–25. doi: 10.52363/2524-0226-2022-36-2
18. Oliinik, V., Basmanov O. (2023). Model of spreading and burning the liquid on the soil, 1(37), 18–30. doi: 10.52363/2524-0226-2023-37-2

Interaction of an electromagnetic wave with the surface of a real explosive substance.

Karpov Artem

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0009-0007-9895-1574

Kustov Maksim

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6960-6399

Kulakov Oleg

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5236-1949

Basmanov Oleksii

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6434-6575

Mykhailovska Yuliia

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1090-5033

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2024-40-5

Keywords: dielectric properties, electromagnetic radiation, explosive substance, humanitarian demining, reflection coefficient, wave polarization

Аnnotation

To develop the theoretical basis for the effective detection and neutralization of explosive substances using electromagnetic radiation. The problem of detecting explosives is extremely relevant in the modern world. The development of new methods based on the physical principles of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter is a promising area of research. An electrodynamic model of the interaction of an electromagnetic wave with the surface of a VR has been developed. The model takes into account an arbitrary angle of incidence of the wave and two main polarizations – TM and TE. Maxwell’s equations with the corresponding boundary conditions at the interface between two media (air – explosive substance) were used to solve the electrodynamics problems. Different types of explosive substances with different dielectric properties were considered as objects of study. To solve the problem, numerical modeling based on the finite difference method was used. The modeling allowed us to calculate the energy coefficients of reflection, refraction, and absorption of electromagnetic radiation by the explosives. It was found that the efficiency of interaction of an electromagnetic wave with a radiation source significantly depends on the angle of its incidence. The optimal incidence angle for most of the studied radiation sources is in the range of 60 to 75 degrees. For the VRs with low dielectric losses, the influence of the dielectric loss tangent on the imaginary part of the refractive angle is insignificant. This indicates that for such materials the main mechanism of interaction is the reflection of an electromagnetic wave. It has been shown that the energy refractive index has a local extreme (maximum) in the range of incident angles from 65 to 85 degrees. The energy reflection coefficient for a plane electromagnetic wave with vertical polarization increases with the increase of the real part of the relative permittivity according to a law close to the logarithmic law for incident angles less than 60 degrees.

References

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7. Ekenberg, L., Fasth, T., Larsson, A. (2018). Hazards and quality control in humanitarian demining. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 35, 4, 897–913. doi:10.1108/IJQRM-01-2016-0012
8. Müller, C., Scharmach, M., Gaal, M., Guelle, D., Lewis, A., Sieber, A. (2003). Performance demonstration for humanitarian demining: Test and evaluation of mine searching equipment in detecting mines. Materials Testing, 45(11–12), 504–512. doi: 10.1515/mt-2003-0004
9. Mikulic, D., Mikulic, D. (2013). Design of demining machines. Springer London, 73–152. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4471-4504-2_5
10. Kustov, M., Karpov, A. (2023). Sensitivity of explosive materials to the action of electromagnetic fields. Problemy nadzvychainykh sytuatsii: Naukovyi zhurnal, Kharkiv: NUCZU, 1(37), 4–17. doi: 10.52363/2524-0226-2023-37-1
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12. Krivtsun, V., Nanivska, L. (2023). Factors affecting the demining process. Social Development and Security, 13(5), 38–44. doi: 10.33445/sds.2023.13.5.5
13. Lee, J. S., Yu, J. D. (2019). Non-destructive method for evaluating grouted ratio of soil nail using electromagnetic wave. Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation, 38, 1–15. doi: 10.1007/s10921-019-0582-9
14. Kustov, M., Kulakov, O., Karpov, A., Basmanov, O., Mykhailovska, Yu. (2024). Elektrodynamichna model vzaiemodii elektromahnitnoi khvyli z poverkhneiu vybukhonebezpechnoi rechovyny. Problemy nadzvychainykh sytuatsii: Naukovyi zhurnal, Kharkiv: NUCZU, 1(39), 81–95. doi: 10.52363/2524-0226-2024-39-6
15. Zhou, Q., Yao, X., Hu, J. (2021). Study on the propagation characteristic of electromagnetic wave based on WUSN. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 35(13), 1708–1718. doi: 10.1080/09205071.2021.1915882