Study of fire flow statistics occurring in cities

Roman Kovalenko

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2083-7601

Sergii Nazarenko

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0891-0335

Volodymyr Demianyshyn

National Academy of National Guard of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1734-4021

Oleksandr Kolienov

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3736-9165

Valeriya Semkiv

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1584-4754

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2021-34-10

Keywords: call flow, fire, rescue formation, statistics, Poisson distribution law

Аnnotation

The flow of calls related to fires occurring on the territory of cities has been investigated. To do this, using the methods of cluster analysis, the cities were divided into groups according to the criteria of population size and area. As a result, the cities were grouped into six groups. Only Kiev was included in a separate group. Further, five cities were selected from each of the groups and statistics on the number of fires for the period of 2020 were processed. Based on the data obtained, a statistical hypothesis was tested that the flow of fires occurring in cities can be described by the Poisson distribution law. The Romanovsky criterion was chosen as the consistency criterion. In total, out of 26 cities under study in 7 cities, the call flow can be described by the Poisson distribution law. The indicator of the call flow associated with fires for these cities ranged from 69 to 342. The only city in this range for which the previously mentioned hypothesis was not confirmed was the city of Kherson. For cities where the annual fire rate was less than 69 or more than 342, the statistical hypothesis of Poisson call traffic was not confirmed. Variance was also calculated based on the data reflecting the daily number of calls in cities during the year. It was found that for cities for which the Poisson distribution of the call flow was confirmed, this indicator ranges from 0.21 to 1.72. Accordingly, the flow of fires that occurs in cities cannot always be described by the Poisson distribution law, and therefore, before using the mathematical models built on its basis for research, it is necessary to first test this hypothesis. Failure to fulfill the above condition may further negatively affect the adequacy of the results obtained.

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Experimental study of fire development in a building

Dmytro Dubinin

NationalUniversity of Civil Defence of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8948-5240

Andrei Lisniak

NationalUniversity of Civil Defence of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5526-1513

Serhii Shevchenko

NationalUniversity of Civil Defence of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6740-9252

Yevhen Krivoruchko

NationalUniversity of Civil Defence of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7332-9593

Yuri Gaponenko

NationalUniversity of Civil Defence of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0854-5710

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2021-34-8

Keywords: house layout, fire development, temperature, rollover, flashover, backdraft

Аnnotation

Experimental studies on the occurrence of fire in a residential building depending on the conditions of its development. A model of the house was used for research, which allowed to clearly demonstrate the development of fire with a demonstration of its phenomena. It is determined that the development of a fire with limited access to oxygen occurs with the occurrence of fire phenomena such as rollover, flashover and backdraft, and with sufficient access to oxygen occurs normally. It is established that during the development of a fire first there is a phenomenon of rollover, due to the ignition of a layer of heated gases, then there is a flashover, characterized by a flash, and for backdraft, this phenomenon occurs due to a flash of unburned heated gases with a subsequent explosion. The temperature was measured using a FLIR K33 thermal imager during a fire. The obtained results show that the development of a fire with sufficient access of oxygen occurs before the maximum temperature in the room with its subsequent reduction due to fire extinguishing or supply of fire extinguishing agents to the fire. When a fire with limited access to oxygen develops, such phenomena as rollover, flashover and backdraft occur. The obtained measurement results during the research of fire development depending on its conditions are presented as photoregistration of images from the thermal imager and graphically. It is established that when the phenomenon of a flashover occurs, the flash point is 234 °C, and when the backdraft phenomenon, the flash point of unburned heated gases with a subsequent explosion is 569 °C. It has been experimentally determined that timely cooling of heated gases prevents fire. The obtained results of the conducted experimental researches allow to increase the level of professional skill of the personnel of fire and rescue divisions during carrying out operative actions on fire extinguishing in residential buildings.

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The geoinformation control system of fire departments

Maksym Kustov

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6960-6399

Yevhen Morshch

Department of Emergency Prevention, DSNS

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0131-2332

Oleg Fedoryaka

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6381-5985

Alexandr Soshunsky

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7921-1294

Alexander Savchenko

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1305-7415

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2021-34-9

Keywords: geoinformation system, technological scheme, GIS platform, interactive layers, local territory, service area, location of divisions

Аnnotation

The architecture of the fire information management geographic information system has been developed using standard extensions for SQL servers and includes at least 7 layers, some of which have interactive connections with additional databases. The developed architecture allows to solve a complex of questions of management of fire divisions, both at a stage of designing of building of local territory and during management of process of fire extinguishing in this territory. Integrating data with the distribution of fire risk in the local area and the location of fire and rescue units in an interactive form will optimize the location of fire and rescue units at the construction stage, as well as determine the relevance of existing buildings to fire risk levels. Integration into the geographic information system of the database with the description of potentially dangerous objects and objects of increased danger allows the fire chief to promptly obtain information about the object, to determine in advance the existing dangers, methods of extinguishing, location of forces and means and to establish operational communication with representatives of the object for successful firefighting. Interactive information on the availability of rescue equipment in the relevant units and the state of the transport network on the way to the fire allows the fire chief and the operational dispatch service to quickly determine what type and number of equipment and personnel can be used to eliminate a fire, determine the arrival time to the place of the call, as well as quickly redirect reserves if necessary. The combined use of the developed architecture of the geographic information system with a satellite traffic control system allows to control the movement of rescue units and redistribute forces and resources within the local area.

References

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2. Xia, Z., Li, H., Chen, Y., Yu, W. (2019). Integrating spatial and non-spatial dimensions to measure urban fire service access. ISPRS International Journal of GeoInformation, 8, 138–145. doi: 10.3390/ijgi8030138
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The identification of hydrocarbons cluster structure by melting point

Dmitry Tregubov

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1821-822X

Olena Tarahno

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9385-9874

Dmitry Sokolov

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7772-6577

Flora Tregubova

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2497-7396

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2021-34-7

Keywords: cluster, structure of matter, melting point, mass burnout rate, oscillation,

hydrocarbons, calculation

Аnnotation

The presence of oscillatory changes in the substance properties in homologous series of hydrocarbons, in particular for the melting point, is analyzed. A method for predicting the mass burnout rate of normal structure alcohols and alkanes on the basis of melting point values to account for oscillations is presented. It is proved that the tendency to increase melting temperatures depending on the number of carbon atoms in the molecule for selected homologous series of hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, cycloalkanes of normal structure) has a certain oscillation by the principle of "even-odd" molecules or gradation deviation from linearity. It is shown that the similarity of this dependence between homologous series arises if alkenes and alkynes are considered as shorter molecules than the corresponding alkanes, and cycloalkanes – as longer. It is accepted as a working hypothesis that this is due to the presence of the smallest structural unit of matter in the clusters form with a certain coordination number. The oscillation properties of the substance are explained by the fact that clustering can occur both at the final carbon site in the molecule and at other carbons in the chain of the molecule, and this fact depends on the "parity-oddness". Based on the known values of melting temperatures in homologous series, the possible structure of clusters is proposed. It is shown that the obtained values of equivalent lengths for these clusters correlate with the corresponding melting temperatures. This correlation is described by the third degree polynomial, which gives an approximation coefficient of 0.995 and a mean deviation of 7.1 K. An approximation formula for calculating these classes melting point of hydrocarbons based on the values of equivalent molecular weight and cluster length has been developed. This calculation is characterized by an approximation factor of 0.997 and a mean deviation of 4.2 K. Emphasis is placed on the possibility of improving the calculation convergence with the substance properties, provided that the structure of the clusters is clarified.

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