Модель розтікання і горіння рідини на ґрунті

 

Олійник Володимир Вікторович

Національний університет цивільного захисту України

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5193-1775

 

Басманов Олексій Євгенович

Національний університет цивільного захисту України

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6434-6575

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2023-37-2

 

Ключові слова: розтікання рідини, пожежа розливу, просочення рідини, модель Грін-Ампт

 

Анотація

Об’єктом дослідження є процес розтікання і горіння рідини на ґрунті. Побудовано ма-тематичну модель розтікання рідини на похилій поверхні. Модель являє собою систему з диференціального рівняння параболічного типу, що описує зміну області розливу і товщи-ни шару рідини в кожній точці області, і звичайного диференціального рівняння, що відпо-відає глибині просочення рідини в ґрунт. Припускається, що процес просочення рідини в ґрунт описується моделлю Грін-Ампт, особливістю якої є уявлення про чітку межу між вже змоченим і ще сухим ґрунтом. Під впливом тиску рідини на поверхні і капілярних сил від-бувається переміщення цієї межі вглиб ґрунту. Швидкість просочення визначається гідрав-лічною провідністю змоченого ґрунту, його пористістю і показником капілярності. Ці пара-метри залежать від стану ґрунту і типу рідини і мають визначатися експериментально. Мо-дель розтікання рідини враховує нерівності поверхні шляхом введення в диференціальне рівняння розповсюдження рідини доданку, який містить середню глибину нерівностей по-верхні. Необхідність заповнення цих нерівностей при розтіканні рідини визначає площу ро-зливу. Враховано зменшення об’єму рідини в розливі внаслідок її вигорання. Початкові умови визначаються характером розтікання рідини: миттєвим або неперервним. Миттєвий розлив має місце у випадку катастрофічного руйнування ємності, а неперервний – при пош-кодженні ємності або трубопроводу, внаслідок чого об’єм розлитої рідини поступово збі-льшується. У випадку неперервного витікання рідини диференціальне рівняння розтікання рідини містить доданок з δ-функцією. У випадку миттєвого розливу δ-функцію включає в себе початкова умова. Отримані результати можуть бути використані для розрахунку теп-лового потоку від полум’я над розливом горючої рідини і визначення теплового впливу по-жежі на сусідні технологічні об’єкти.

 

Посилання

 

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Sensitivity of explosive materials to the action of electromagnetic fields

 

Kustov Maksim Volodumuroovych

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6960-6399

 

Karpov Artem Andreyovych

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0009-0007-9895-1574

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2023-37-1

 

Keywords: explosion, demining of territories, explosive materials, electromagnetic waves, molecular struc-ture, dipole moment, safety of rescuers

 

Аnnotation

 

The analysis was done to define the most common methods of detection and disposal of explosive objects. According to the principle of their operation, the methods were subdivided into 4 classes. It was established that physical methods are the most effective, and most of them are based on the use of electromagnetic waves with various parameters. To define the degree of ef-fect of electromagnetic waves on explosive materials it was reasonable to study their electromag-netic properties. It is shown that the main parameter that quantitatively characterizes the degree of sensitivity of explosive materials to the action of electromagnetic fields is the dipole moment of their molecules. The molecular structure of the most common explosive materials, in particular hexogen, pentaerythritol tetranitrate and trinitrotoluene, tetryl, lead trinitroresorcinate, mercu-ryfulminate and lead azide has been analyzed. It is shown that the molecules of these substances have a two-dimensional structure, while the molecules of hexogen, pentaerythritol tetranitrate, and mercury fulminate are symmetrical. It corresponds to the absence of a dipole moment in such molecules. The dipole moments of asymmetric molecules of trinitrotoluene, tetryl, lead trinitrore-sorcinate, and lead azide were calculated using the method of adding force vectors of dipole moments of interatomic bonds. The calculated data showed that the dipole moments of these sub-stances are significant, so the electromagnetic influence on the activation of these explosive mate-rials cannot be neglected. Partially, the high values of the dipole moments of trinitrotoluene (µ(C7H5N3O6)=2,55 D) and tetryl (µ(C7H5N5O8)=9,27 D) can be explained by an increased num-ber of asymmetric bonds with nitrogen that has a high electronegativity. The obtained data can be used for the development of the safety algorithms to provide a safe work of the rescuers during demining of the territory and when using the devices of an active electromagnetic action in order to prevent the uncontrolled detonation of explosive objects

 

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Multifactor model of excavation of an explosive subject diver

 

Ihor Soloviov

Main Directorate of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine in Kherson region

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0400-6704

 

Victor Strelets

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9109-8714

 

Dmytro Lovin

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1066-0286

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2021-34-20

 

Keywords: underwater demining, diver-sapper, rise, explosive object, multifactor model

 

Аnnotation

The use of experimental research planning methods has shown that to obtain a multifactor model of lifting an explosive object by a sapper diver from a depth that will take into account both the impact, in case nonlinear, selected parameters and the effects of interaction between them, it is advisable to conduct a multifactorial experiment 3x3x2. Statistical indicators of the time of lifting an explosive object in accordance with such a plan can be obtained using the method of direct expert assessments. As a result, a multi- factor model of lifting an explosive object by divers in the form of a three-factor square polynomial was obtained, the coefficients of which establish a quantitative relationship between the level of training of personnel, external conditions in which he works and lifeguards. Field experiments confirmed the reliability of the developed mathematical model with a significance level of α=0,05. It is shown that when developing operational and technical recommendations, divers need to take into account both the type of diving suit and the effects of the interaction between the level of training of personnel and the conditions in which they work. At the same time, it is possible to ignore the effects of the interaction of the conditions of lifting an explosive object with the suit in which the sapper divers work, as well as the quadratic effect of using a dry or wet suit. It should be expected that in the case of lifting an explosive device, the level of preparedness will be more pronounced in divers-sappers with a primary level, as well as the fact that for them to reduce the effectiveness of underwater demining will be affected by poor external working conditions. During further research, increased attention should be paid to the preparation of diver sappers to work in difficult conditions and to the planning of operational activities of a specialized pyrotechnic unit, as well as the use of the latest technical means of underwater demining.

 

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Method of preventing emergencies due to fire through short-term fire forecasting

 

Boris Pospelov

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0957-3839

 

Evgenіy Rybka

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5396-5151

 

Mikhail Samoylov

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8924-7944

 

Yuliia Bezuhla

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4022-2807

 

Oleksandr Yashchenko

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7129-389X

 

Yuliia Veretennikova

Kharkiv National University of Construction and Architecture

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0245-704X

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2021-34-21

 

Keywords: fire, dynamics, recurrence of state growing, dangerous factors, air environment, recurrent diagram

 

Аnnotation

 

A parametric model for predicting the current recurrence of the state of the airspace of premises in the conditions that are characteristic of real premises on the basis of the use of an arbitrary plural of dangerous factors of fire. The developed model depends on two parameters that are defined by a priori and affect the result of the recurrence of the recurrence of the conditions of the airspace of the premises. The new scientific result is determined by the theoretical substantiation of the developed model of prediction of recurrence of the growth of the airspaces of the airspace. The proposed model has two properties. The first one is associated with the possibility of use in theoretical studies of the detection of early inflammation of various materials in arbitrary conditions of modern premises. The second one is to practice the real measurements of hazardous fire factors of the airspace of premises. In accordance with the proposed model of prediction of current recurrence of the state of the air environment of premises in the fire of materials based on the measurement of an arbitrary set of dangerous fire factors, a control algorithm of the method of prevention of emergency situations as a result of fires in premises is developed. The control algorithm consists of six successive functionally linked blocks. The developed control algorithm allows us to offer an appropriate method for preventing emergencies as a result of fire in premises by predicting the recurrence of appliance of the airspace of the premises, which occurs on the basis of the current discrete measurement of an arbitrary plurality of dangerous fire factors. The procedure for application of the proposed method includes six successive functional procedural elements.

 

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Information and analytical support of the process of prevention ofemergencies at the facilities of the chemical industry

 

Tаisiy Vovchuk

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7962-1077

 

Roman Shevchenko

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9634-6943

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2021-34-19

 

Keywords: emergency, information technology, QR-coding, warnings, objects of chemical industry

 

Аnnotation

The paper considers the process of forming the main approaches to the development of information and analytical support of the process of prevention of emergencies of man-made nature at the chemical industry in conditions of excessive man-made load, taking into account modern capabilities of QR-coding technologies. Analysis of the current state of the issue convincingly proves that given Ukraine's orientation to European standards in the field of civil protection, there is a need to generalize and implement international experience in creating and operating management systems in emergencies, based on modern information and communication technologies, especially emergencies of technogenic character on objects of the chemical industry in the conditions of excessive technogenic loading. The conditions of integration of existing domestic approaches to the prevention of man-made emergencies at chemical facilities in the conditions of excessive man-caused load in the information-analytical space of the European Community, which allowed to form the basis of the methodological apparatus for developing information technology for man-made emergencies chemical industry projects in the conditions of excessive technogenic loading, taking into account modern possibilities of QR - coding and to define group of boundary conditions which are formed as corresponding restrictions of derivative consequences of an emergency situation. The information technology of analytical support of man-made emergency management at chemical industry facilities in the conditions of excessive man-caused load has been developed, which allows to introduce innovative approaches to emergency management into the daily activities of practical units of SES of different hierarchical level of subordination. The results obtained in this work allow us to further develop a number of practical recommendations, which relate primarily to the harmonization of domestic approaches and practices to the requirements of the European Community. Such harmonization should be based on the principles of comprehensive assistance to the population in the event of emergencies that threaten health, life, property or the environment, other dangerous and catastrophic events.

 

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