Features of determining the time of evacuation of people from buildings in case of fire

 

Shakhov Stanislav

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9161-1696

 

Vinogradov Stanislav

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2569-5489

 

Rybka Evgeniy

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5396-5151

 

Garbuz Serhii

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6345-6214

 

Ostapov Kostiantyn

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1275-741X

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2023-38-4

 

Keywords: evacuation, warning systems, fire hazards, educational institutions, PathFinder, PyroSim

 

Аnnotation

 

The object of the study is the safe evacuation time of people in case of fire from a typical secondary education institution. The problem was solved, which consisted in the inconsistency of the quantitative assessment of «pre-evacuation time» set out in DSTU 8828:2019, which is regulated by the requirements of DBN B.2.5-56:2014, with today’s conditions, when determining the safe time of evacuation from buildings and structures. Thanks to the obtained results, features were revealed that fully determine the dependence of the relationship between the pre-evacuation time and warning systems on the example of a typical secondary education institution. The evacuation time was determined according to DSTU 8828:2019, taking into account the requirements of DBN B.2.5-56:2014. The total evacuation time from the building was 687 s. The time of blocking evacuation routes and evacuation exits by dangerous fire factors is determined. The results of the recorded temperature did not exceed 46 оC, the value of oxygen was not recorded lower than ≥0,226 kg/m3, the density of carbon monoxide was not more than ≤1,16•10-3 kg/m3 during the total evacuation time, which meets the requirements of fire safety. The results of the recorded visibility exceed the maximum permissible values. Thus, the path to evacuation exit № 1 using stairwell № 1 takes place through door № 7. Movement through this door lasts for 531 s, therefore, now when the last person passes through stairwell and door № 7, the visibility is already ≤6 m. Therefore, evacuation through stairwell № 1 is dangerous. In addition, the last person passes through the door of the evacuation exit № 1 for 550 s, where the visibility value is ≤9 m, which is also an excess of the maximum permissible values, according to the requirements.

 

References

 

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Мodel of diffraction of electromagnetic waves on explosive objects

 

Kustov Maksim

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6960-6399

 

Kulakov Oleg

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5236-1949

 

Basmanov Oleksii

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6434-6575

 

Karpov Artem

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0009-0007-9895-1574

 

Mykhailovska Yuliia

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1090-5033

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2023-38-3

 

Keywords: level of civil protection of territories, explosive substances, electromagnetic waves, reflection, absorption, diffraction

 

Аnnotation

 

A model of electromagnetic wave diffraction on an explosive object without metal structural substances is proposed. The properties of the materials of the most common anti-personnel mines were analyzed and it was established that their shell is dielectric, and explosive substances are divided into two groups depending on their dipole moment. In particular, the explosive substances such as hexogen, pentaerythritol tetranitrate, and mercury fulminate with zero dipole moment and according to their electromagnetic properties, they belong to ideal dielectrics. The explosives trinitrotoluene, tetryl, lead trinitroresorcinate, and lead azide should be considered as low-loss dielectrics. An electrodynamic model was built to calculate the reflection coefficients and the passage of electromagnetic plane waves of the microwave range through the multilayer structure of an explosive object. To determine the equivalent wave resistance of the multilayer structure of an explosive object, the use of the theory of long lines is proposed. It is established that for microwave radiation, the layers of the case of explosive objects made of dielectric substances can be neglected due to their small thickness. The modeling results show that most anti-personnel mines have a low reflection coefficient, which makes them difficult to detect, but at the same time increases the amount of energy that can pass deep into the body of the explosive substance. It has been shown that explosive objects with dipole explosive substances are capable of absorbing electromagnetic radiation energy. The obtained results allow us to qualitatively assess the susceptibility of explosive substances to their remote detonation by irradiation with powerful pulses of electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range.

 

References

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Model for choosing optimal water flow rate for tank wall cooling

 

Basmanov Oleksii

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6434-6575

 

Maksymenko Maksym

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1888-4815

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2023-38-1

 

Keywords: tank fire, thermal influence of fire, heat transfer, water cooling, water flow rate

 

Аnnotation

 

In this paper, we have considered the problem of choosing the optimal water flow rate for cooling the tank wall with water in the event of a fire in the adjacent tank. The optimal water flow rate is understood as the minimal flow ensuring a sufficient level of cooling. The choice of the water flow rate is based on the solution of the thermal balance equation for the tank wall and the thermal balance equation for the water film. The model takes into account the radiant heat transfer between the flame, the tank wall, the environment and the internal space of the tank. The convective heat transfer from the tank wall to water and vapor-air mixture is also taken into account. Here, we have developed an algorithm for determining the optimal water flow for cooling the tank wall. Solving the problem of choosing the rate of the cooling water flow is reduced to the sequential solution of the problems to determine the temperature distribution along the tank wall and the water film. We have constructed the functional dependence of optimal water flow rate for tank cooling on the direction and velocity of the wind. The inclination of the flame by the wind towards the adjacent tank increases the relevant heat influx, which requires a greater intensity of cooling. On the contrary, when the direction of the wind is away from the adjacent tank, the heat flux decreases. At the same time, for wind velocity greater than a certain value, the heat flux decreases to such an extent that there is no more need to cool the walls of the adjacent tank. With the perpendicular direction of the wind, at certain velocity values, there is no need to cool the walls of the adjacent tank either. The obtained results can be used to determine the rate of water flow for cooling the tank wall in the event of a fire in an adjacent tank.

 

References

 

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  14. Basmanov, O., Maksymenko, M. (2022). Modeling the thermal effect of fire to the adjacent tank in the presence of wind. Problems of emergency situations, 1(35), 239–253. doi: 10.52363/2524-0226-2022-35-18
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Justification of the need to create modern robotic and technical complexes for humanitarian demining

 

Nevlyudov Ihor

Kharkov National University of Radio Electronics

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9837-2309

 

Yanushkevich Dmitry

Kharkov National University of Radio Electronics

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3684-518X

 

Tolkunov Ihor

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5129-3120

 

Popov Ivan

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4705-4404

 

Ivanets Hryhorii

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4906-5265

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2023-38-2

 

Keywords: humanitarian demining, robotic complex, non-technical and technical inspection of territories

 

Аnnotation

 

A study of military, special or dual purpose robotic complexes used in the humanitarian demining system was conducted. It was determined that the system of humanitarian demining involves the following tasks: inspection of objects and terrain contaminated by explosive objects; their search, remote identification, neutralization and destruction; mapping and marking of dangerous areas, etc. In this regard, it has been proven that for humanitarian demining, it will be appropriate to use robotic and technical complexes of special purpose, which should be equipped with manipulators and detectors (sensors, gauges), means of decision-making at all stages of the work. A mathematical model and a control algorithm have been developed for the clearance of explosive objects from the territory of hostilities using robotic complexes that implement the principle of an integrated approach to solving the problem of clearing the territories of Ukraine. The proposed mathematical model is a combination of interconnected models: estimation of the terms of solving the problem of clearing the territory of combat operations from explosive objects, the total number of personnel and technical equipment of the units to perform the assigned tasks. According to the results of the research, recommendations were given for the use of modern robotic complexes in humanitarian demining and it was established that to increase the efficiency of detecting explosive objects, it is advisable to use various search methods in one robotic complex. One of the most promising methods is the use of a combination of electromagnetic, optical and mechanical methods, as well as the development of complexes capable of searching for, neutralizing and destroying explosive objects not only on the surface of the soil, but also at a certain depth.

 

References

 

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Оптимізація розміщення елементів акустичної системи орієнтування спорядження рятувальника

 

Лєвтєров Олександр Антонович

Національний університет цивільного захисту України

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5926-7146

 

Стативка Євгеній Степанович

Національний університет цивільного захисту України

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1536-2031

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2023-38-20

 

Ключові слова: акустичний пристрій, сенсор, акустичний опір, конфігурація, візуальний контроль, інтерференція

 

Анотація

 

Визначено оптимальне розміщення елементів акустичної системи орієнтування та спосіб ефективного екрануванняна спорядженні рятувальника для підвищення ефективності аварійно-рятувальних операцій в умовах обмеженої видимості та низької проникності світла. Проаналізовано вплив геометрії та конфігурації акустичних датчиків на їх взаємодію та визначення оптимальної мінімальної відстані між ними для поліпшення точності та ефективності системи орієнтування. Запропоновано їх ефективне екранування на шоломі рятувальника. Встановлено, що при достатньо малій відстані розміщення акустичних датчиків акустична якість та потужність акустичного сигналу зменшується, через явище інтерференції. Розроблено та реалізовано алгоритм компенсації взаємного впливу акустичних датчиків, розміщених в горизонтальній площині на захисному шоломі рятувальника. Розраховано та експериментально підтверджено мінімально допустиму відстань між акустичними датчиками, що дорівнює 0,04 м. Визначено оптимальний кутовий діапазон з використанням п'яти акустичних датчиків для точного просторового визначення перешкод у середовищі перед рятувальником на відстані до 2 метрів в умовах незадовільного візуального контролю. Розроблено алгоритм, що уникає взаємний вплив акустичного випромінювання акустичних датчиків один на одного, а також враховує відстань між датчиками згідно їх розташування на шоломі рятувальника. Створено алгоритм компенсації відстані між акустичними датчиками на шоломі рятувальника, враховуючи їх розташування в горизонтальній площині. Шляхом розрахунково-теоретичних досліджень розроблено підґрунтя для практичного створення акустичного приладу, з реалізованималгоритмом, що автоматично корегуєвеличину відстані, що виміряна датчиками попереду та датчиками позаду шолома рятувальника для одержання точних значень відстані до перешкодита забезпечити ефективну навігацію в умовах надзвичайних ситуацій.

 

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