An algorithm of optimal distribution of equipment for fire stations

 

Oleksii Basmanov

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6434-6575

 

Saveliev Dmytro

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4310-0437

 

Melezhyk Roman

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6425-4147

 

Lutsenko Tatiana

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7373-4548

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2023-38-12

 

Keywords: local territory, level of danger, functional capacity, service area, location of fire stations

 

Аnnotation

The object of the study is the process of functioning of fire stations, and the subject of the study is the distribution of equipment between units serving a certain area. An algorithm of the optimal distribution of equipment for fire stations was built. In practice, it opens up opportunities to reduce the time it takes for firefighting units to reach the place of call by changing the service areas of the units. The model is based on the assumption of the sufficiency of forces and means in fire stations to carry out rescue operations and eliminate fires in the area of their service. The model is based on the division of the entire area of responsibility into separate sub-areas or the selection of individual objects for which a list of possible emergency situations related to fires, their frequency, forces and means necessary for their elimination is known. The task of optimally determining the area of responsibility of rescue units is formulated. The optimization criterion is the minimum time for units to follow from the location to the place of call. The objective function includes both the follow-up time and the number of units of equipment involved in eliminating the accident. This allows you to take into account the complexity of the emergency situation, since more complex situations will require the involvement of a larger number of equipment and units. The limitations of the task are determined by the available forces and means in operational and rescue units. An algorithm for the optimal distribution of equipment between existing operational and rescue units has been built. It is shown that the domain of admissible solutions is convex. The built model can be used to determine the service areas of already existing fire stations, as well as when choosing the locations of additional fire stations.

 

References

  1. Xia, Z., Li, H., Chen, Y., Yu, W. (2019). Integrating Spatial and Non-Spatial Dimensions to Measure Urban Fire Service Access. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 8(3), 138. doi: 10.3390/ijgi8030138
  2. Murray, A. T., Murray, A. T. (2013). Optimising the spatial location of urban fire stations. Fire Safety Journal, 62, Part A, 64–71. doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2013.03.002
  3. Oh, J. Y., Hessami, A., Yang, H. Y (2019). Minimizing Response Time with Optimal. Studies in Engineering and Technology, 6(1), 47–58. doi: 10.11114/set.v6i1.4187
  4. Corcoran, J., Higgs, G., Higginson, A. (2011). Fire incidence in metropolitan areas: A comparative study of Brisbane (Australia) and Cardiff (United Kingdom). Applied Geography, 31(1), 65–75. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2010.02.003
  5. Zhu, S., Liu, W., Liu, D., & Li, Y. (2023). The impact of dynamic traffic condi-tions on the sustainability of urban fire service. Sustainable Cities and Society, 96, 104667. doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2023.104667
  6. Park, P. Y., Jung, W. R., Yeboah, G., Rempel, G., Paulsen, D., Rumpel, D. (2016). First responders’ response area and response time analysis with/without grade crossing monitoring system. Fire Safety Journal, 79, 100–110. doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2015.11.003
  7. Liu, D., Xu, Z., Yan, L., Fan, C. (2020). Dynamic estimation system for fire station service areas based on travel time data. Fire Safety Journal, 118, 103238. doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.103238
  8. Guan, J., Zhang, K., Shen, Q., He, Y. (2020). Dynamic Modal Accessibility Gap: Measurement and Application Using Travel Routes Data. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 81, 102272. doi: 10.1016/j.trd.2020.102272
  9. Yeboah, G., Park, P. Y. (2018). Using survival analysis to improve pre-emptive fire engine allocation for emergency response. Fire Safety Journal, 97, 76–84. doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2018.02.005
  10. KC, K., Corcoran, J. (2017). Modelling residential fire incident response times: A spatial analytic approach. Applied Geography, 84, 64–74. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.03.004
  11. Xu, Z., Liu, D., Yan, L. (2021). Evaluating spatial configuration of fire sta-tions based on real-time traffic. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 25, 100957. doi: 10.1016/j.csite.2021.100957
  12. Chen, M., Wang, K., Dong, X., Li, H. (2020). Emergency rescue capability evaluation on urban fire stations in China. Process Safety and Environmental Protec-tion, 135, 59–69. doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2019.12.028
  13. Kustov, M., Fedoryaka, O., Kornienko, R. (2022). Effectiveness of the method of territorial placement of fire stations of different functional capacity. Problems of Emergency Situations, 2(36), 54–65. doi: 10.52363/2524-0226-2022-36-5
  14. Shahparvari, S., Fadaki, M., Chhetri, P. (2020). Spatial accessibility of fire stations for enhancing operational response in Melbourne. Fire Safety Journal, 117, 103149. doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.103149
  15. Wang, J., Liu, H., An, S., Cui, N. (2016). A new partial coverage locating model for cooperative fire services. Information Sciences, 373, 527–538. doi: 10.1016/j.ins.2016.06.030
  16. Batanović, V., Petrović, D., Petrović, R. (2009). Fuzzy logic based algorithms for maximum covering location problems. Information Sciences, 179(1–2), 120–129. doi: 10.1016/j.ins.2008.08.019
  17. Chen, H., Xu, R. (2023). Achieving Least Relocation of Existing Facilities in Spatial Optimisation: A Bi-Objective Model. 12th International Conference on Geo-graphic Information Science (GIScience 2023), 277, 19:1–19:5. doi: 10.4230/LIPIcs.GIScience.2023.19
  18. Yao, J., Zhang, X., Murray, A. T. (2019). Location optimization of urban fire stations: Access and service coverage. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 73, 184–190. doi: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2018.10.006
  19. Kustov, M., Tiutiunik, V., Fedoryaka, O. (2020). The fire safety level assessment of the local territory. Problems of fire safety, 48, 83–93. Available at: https://nuczu.edu.ua/images/topmenu/science/zbirky-naukovykh

 

 

A model of random pulsations of radiant heat flow from a flammable liquid fire

 

Popov Oleksandr

Center for Information-analytical and Technical

Support of Nuclear Power Facilities Monitoring

of the NAS of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5065-3822

 

Danilin Oleksandr

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4474-7179

 

Petukhova Olena

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4832-1255

 

Borodych Pavlo

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9933-8498

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2023-38-11

 

Keywords: spill fire, fire in the tank farm, thermal effect of fire, heat exchange

 

Аnnotation

 

The object of the study is the process of liquid combustion in a tank or in a spill. Unlike the standard approach that assumes the shape of the flame is constant, random pulsations of the flame due to the turbulent mode of liquid combustion are considered. The pulsations lead to the random nature of the mutual radiation coefficient and the temperature of the radiating surface of the flame. This leads to a random value of the radiant heat flux density from the fire. Using the central limit theorem allows justifying the assumption about the normal law of the distribution of the radiant heat flux density, the mutual radiation coefficient and the temperature of the radiating surface of the flame. The assumption of a normal distribution law allows calculating the mathematical expectation of the heat flux density. It is shown that the average value of the heat flux density increases with an increase in the dispersion of the temperature of the radiating surface and the coefficient of mutual radiation, as well as with an increase in the correlation coefficient between them. It means that neglecting random flame pulsations can lead to underestimates of the average heat flux density from a fire. The dispersion of the radiant heat flux density was found and it was shown that it increases with the growth of the dispersion of the flame temperature and the mutual radiation coefficient. The standard deviation of the heat flux density can be more than 40 % of its average value if the standard deviations of the flame temperature and the mutual radiation coefficient are up to 10 % of their average values. The obtained results can be used to clarify the thermal effect of a liquid fire on neighboring objects.

 

References

 

  1. Landucci, G., Gubinelli, G., Antonioni, G., Cozzani, V. (2009). The assessment of the damage probability of storage tanks in domino events triggered by fire. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 41(6), 1206–1215. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2008.05.006
  2. Elhelw, M., El-Shobaky, A., Attia, A., El-Maghlany, W. M. (2021). Advanced dynamic modeling study of fire and smoke of crude oil storage tanks. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 146, 670–685. doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2020.12.002
  3. Yang, R., Khan, F., Neto, E. T., Rusli, R., Ji, J. (2020). Could pool fire alone cause a domino effect? Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 202, 106976. doi: 10.1016/j.ress.2020.106976
  4. Reniers, G., Cozzani, V. (2013). 3 – Features of Escalation Scenarios. Elsevier. Domino Effects in the Process Industries, 30–42. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-54323-3.00003-8
  5. Liu, J., Li, D., Wang, Z., Chai, X. (2021). A state-of-the-art research progress and prospect of liquid fuel spill fires. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 28, 101421. doi: 10.1016/j.csite.2021.101421
  6. Tauseef, S., Abbasi, T., Pompapathi, V., Abbasi, S. (2018). Case studies of 28 major accidents of fires/explosions in storage tank farms in the backdrop of available codes/standards/models for safely configuring such tank farms. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 120, 331–338. doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2018.09.017
  7. Li, X., Chen, G., Amyotte, P., Alauddin, M., Khan, F. (2023). Modeling and analysis of domino effect in petrochemical storage tank farms under the synergistic effect of explosion and fire. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 176, 706–715. doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2023.06.054
  8. Khakzad, N., Amyotte, P., Cozzani, V., Reniers, G., Pasman, H. (2018). How to address model uncertainty in the escalation of domino effects? Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 54, 49–56. doi: 10.1016/j.jlp.2018.03.001
  9. Ahmadi, O., Mortazavi, S. B., Pasdarshahri, H., Mohabadi, H. A. (2019). Consequence analysis of large-scale pool fire in oil storage terminal based on computational fluid dynamic (CFD). Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 123, 379–389. doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2019.01.006
  10. Yang, J., Zhang, M., Zuo, Y., Cui, X., Liang, C. (2023). Improved models of failure time for atmospheric tanks under the coupling effect of multiple pool fires. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 81, 104957. doi: 10.1016/j.jlp.2022.104957
  11. Chen, Y., Fang, J., Zhang, X., Miao, Y., Lin, Y., Tu, R., Hu, L. (2023). Pool fire dynamics: Principles, models and recent advances. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 95, 101070. doi: 10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101070
  12. Sun, X., Zhang, X., Lv, J., Chen, X., Hu, L. (2023). Experimental study on the buoyant turbulent diffusion flame height of various intermittent levels. Applied Energy, 351, 121699. Doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121699
  13. Zhao, J., Song, G., Zhang, Q., Li, X., Huang, H., Zhang, J. (2023). Experimental study on flame length and pulsation behavior of n-heptane continuous spill fires on water. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 85, 105174. doi: 10.1016/j.jlp.2023.105174
  14. Guo, Y., Xiao, G., Wang, L., Chen, C., Deng, H., Mi, H., Tu, C., Li, Y. (2023). Pool fire burning characteristics and risks under wind-free conditions: State-of-the-art. Fire Safety Journal, 136, 103755. doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2023.103755
  15. Huang, X., Huang, T., Zhuo, X., Tang, F., He, L., & Wen, J. (2021). A global model for flame pulsation frequency of buoyancy-controlled rectangular gas fuel fire with different boundaries. Fuel, 289, 119857. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119857
  16. Biswas, K., Zheng, Y., Kim, C. H., Gore, J. (2007). Stochastic time series analysis of pulsating buoyant pool fires. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 31(2), 2581–2588. doi: 10.1016/j.proci.2006.07.234
  17. Abramov, Y., Basmanov, O., Oliinik, V., Kolokolov, V. (2022). Stochastic model of heating the shell of a tank under thermal effect of a fire. Problems of Emergency Situations, 1(35), 4–16. doi: 10.52363/2524-0226-2022-35-1

 

Delivery trajectory modeling fire extinguishing container to the upper floors of buildings

 

Kalinovsky Andrii

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1021-5799

 

Kutsenko Leonid

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1554-8848

 

Polivanov Oleksandr

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6396-1680

 

Kryvoshei Boris

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2561-5568

 

Savchenko Olexander

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1305-7415

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2023-38-9

 

Keywords: container, fire extinguishing agent, pulse fire extinguisher, point of intersection of trajectories, minimum starting speed

 

Аnnotation

 

A method is presented for geometrically modeling the trajectory of delivery of a container with a fire extinguishing agent to the windows of the upper floors of houses where a fire occurred. The Typhoon-10 pulse fire extinguisher, which is used as a pneumatic gun, is used as a starting agent. This allows fire extinguishing agents to be delivered to the fire zone discretely, placed in a special container. To determine a rational trajectory for container delivery to the upper floors of the building, differential equations known from mechanics and their solutions were used. The resulting relationships connect the parameters characteristic of the points of the desired trajectory. An addition to these results will be the dependencies found in this work to describe the overhead and floor trajectories that intersect at the point of the burning window of the building. The values of the minimum starting speed for delivering a container to a predetermined window of a building on the required floor have also been determined. It is assumed that for calculations the height of the burning window (from the foundation of the building) is known, and the distance from the pulse fire extinguisher to the wall of the building is also known. Maple was compiled – a program for checking the obtained dependencies by constructing delivery trajecto-ries using computer graphics. The results can be obtained in the form of a table, where the initial speeds and departure angles of the container depend on the floor number of the building. The conducted research is aimed at developing tactics for extinguishing fires in multi-storey buildings using the throwing method (or throwing, using Fire extinguisher Ball). This technology is characterized by the efficiency of fire extinguishing by fire and rescue units, regardless of the condition of the access roads to the building, as well as the existence of various obstacles directly in the yard in front of the house. All this will prevent the spread of fire due to its prompt localization and elimination.

 

References

 

  1. 073: Fire Extinguisher Ball, just throw it in the fire! How to make it. Available at: https://www.hamido.at/fire-ball/
  2. Mizrahi, J. Minimum velocity of a projectile in parabolic motion to pass above a fence. Making Physics Clear. Available at: https://makingphysicsclear.com/minimum-velocity-of-a-projectile-in-parabolic-motion-to-pass-above-a-fence/
  3. Mizrahi, J. Ballistic motion – Maximum horizontal reach when firing from a height. Making Physics Clear. Available at: https://makingphysicsclear.com/ballistic-motion-maximum-horizontal-reach-when-firing-from-a-height/
  4. Mizrahi, J. Ballistic problem – Maximum horizontal reach when firing toward a high place. Making Physics Clear. Available at: https://makingphysicsclear.com/ballistic-problem-maximum-horizontal-reach-when-firing-toward-a-high-place/
  5. Kamaldheeriya Maths easy. (2020). Derivation of Minimum Velocity and Angle to Hit a given point Projectile Motion #kamaldheeriya, YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yR5C0XA8iI0
  6. Miranda, E. N., Nikolskaya, S., Riba, R. (2004). Minimum and terminal velocities in projectile motion. Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Física, 26(2), 125–127. doi: 10.1590/S0102-47442004000200007
  7. Calculating minimum velocity of the projectile needed to hit target in parabolic arc. Game Development Stack Exchange. Available at: https://gamedev.stackexchange.
    com/questions/17467/calculating-minimum-velocity-of-the-projectile-needed-to-hit-target-in-parabolic
  8. At which point of the trajectory does projectile have minimum velocity. Doubtnut. Available at: https://www.doubtnut.com/question-answer-physics/at-which-point-of-the-trajectory-does-projectile-have-minimum-velocity-643043562
  9. Projectile motion – trajectory equation, definition and formulas. Engineering applications. Available at: https://www.hkdivedi.com/2020/01/projectile-motion-trajectory-equation.html
  10. Projectile Motion. Engineering Fundamentals. Available at: https://www.com/content/EngineeringFundamentals/1/MapleDocument_1/Projectile%20Motion.pdf
  11. Kalynovskyi, A. Ya., Polivanov, O. H. (2023). Sposib skladannia tablytsi kutiv dostavky vohnehasnykh rechovyn do bahatopoverkhovoi budivli. The 5th International scientific and practical conference «European scientific congress» Barca Academy Publishing, Madrid, Spain, 54–60. Available at: http://repositsc.nuczu.
    edu.ua/handle/123456789/18121
  12. Kalynovskyi, A. Ya., Polivanov, O. H. (2023). Pro minimalnu pochatkovu shvydkist tila, vypushchenoho pid kutom do horyzontu. The 9th International scientific and practical conference «Scientific research in the modern world» Perfect Publishing, Toronto, Canada, 155–160. Available at: http://repositsc.nuczu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/18191
  13. Kalynovskyi, A. Ya., Polivanov, O. H. (2023). Rozrobka sposobu rozrakhunku parametriv dostavky konteinera-vohnehasnyka do vikon vysotnykh budynkiv. The 7th International scientific and practical conference «Innovations and prospects in modern science» SSPG Publish, Stockholm, Sweden, 68–76. Available at: http://repositsc.nuczu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/18190

 

Development of a fire-proof coating containing silica for polystyrene

 

Lysak Nataliia

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5338-4704

 

Skorodumova Olga

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8962-0155

 

Chernukha Anton

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0365-3205

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2023-38-10

 

Keywords: liquid glass, silica-containing coatings, fire protection of building materials, extruded polystyrene foam

 

Аnnotation

 

The possibility of applying a silica-containing coating to the surface of XPS extruded polystyrene foam, which is characterized by a high degree of flammability, was evaluated. The effect of the content and concentration (11, 22, 44 and 85 %) of orthophosphate acid on the optical properties of silicic acid sols obtained by the exchange reaction between aqueous solutions of liquid glass and acetic acid was studied. The fact of incorporation of orthophosphate acid into the gel structure was confirmed by the results of acid-base titration with a sodium hydroxide solution of the intermicellar liquid isolated as a result of gel syneresis. Using an optical microscope, the structure of the polystyrene film coating after treatment with orthophosphate and sulfuric acid solutions was investigated. In both cases, the effect of an increase in the pore area and a general increase in the looseness of the surface was noted, which can help reduce its hydrophobicity and improve adhesion to the coating. The increase in hydrophilicity of the surfaces of polystyrene films after treatment with acids was also confirmed by the flatter, non-spherical shape of the drops of the composition on them. The structure of the obtained coatings on polystyrene films was analyzed. The similarity of the directions of the cracks in the case of treatment of the films with solutions of both acids was noted, and an assumption was made about the presence of uniform deformation stresses during gel shrinkage. A microscopic study of coatings on the surface of extruded polystyrene foam was conducted, and a positive effect of orthophosphate acid on the density of their structure was established. It was determined that the optimal solution for obtaining a uniform coating is the modification of the sol with the help of a 22 % solution of orthophosphate acid. Schemes of the interaction of the silica coating and the polystyrene base in cases of electrostatic interaction and in the case of the formation of covalent bonds between the coating and the polystyrene surface are proposed.

 

References

 

  1. Zhu, Z., Xu, Y., Wang, L., Xu, S., Wang, Y. (2017). Highly Flame Retardant Expanded Polystyrene Foams from Phosphorus–Nitrogen–Silicon Synergistic Adhesives. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 56(16), 4649–4658. doi: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b05065
  2. Zhao, W., Zhao, H., Cheng, J., Li, W., Zhang, J., Wang, Y. (2022). A green, durable and effective flame-retardant coating for expandable polystyrene foams. Chemical Engineering Journal, 440, 135807. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.135807
  3. Li, M., Yan, Y., Zhao, H., Jian, R., Wang, Y. (2020). A facile and efficient flame-retardant and smoke-suppressant resin coating for expanded polystyrene foams. Composites Part B: Engineering, 185, 107797. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.107797
  4. De Azevedo, A. R. G., França, B. R., Alexandre, J., Marvila, M. T., Zanelato, E. B., De Castro Xavier, G. (2018). Influence of sintering temperature of a ceramic substrate in mortar adhesion for civil construction. Journal of Building Engineering, 19, 342–348. doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2018.05.026
  5. Greluk, M., Hubicki, Z. (2013). Evaluation of polystyrene anion exchange resin for removal of reactive dyes from aqueous solutions. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 91(7), 1343–1351. doi: 10.1016/j.cherd.2013.01.019
  6. Zhang, Q., Zhang, Z., Teng, J., Huang, H., Peng, Q., Jiao, T., Hou, L., Li, B. (2015). Highly efficient phosphate sequestration in aqueous solutions using nanomagnesium hydroxide modified polystyrene materials. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 54(11), 2940–2949. doi: doi.org/10.1021/ie503943z
  7. Du, C., Jia, J., Liao, X., Zhou, L., Hu, Z., Pan, B. (2020b). Phosphate removal by polystyrene anion exchanger (PsAX)-supporting Fe-loaded nanocomposites: Effects of PsAX functional groups and ferric (hydr)oxide crystallinity. Chemical Engineering Journal, 387, 124193. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.124193
  8. Wang, S., Zhang, M., Wang, D., Zhang, W., Liu, S. (2011). Synthesis of hollow mesoporous silica microspheres through surface sol–gel process on polystyrene-co-poly(4-vinylpyridine) core–shell microspheres. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 139(1–3), 1–7. doi: 1016/j.micromeso.2010.10.002
  9. Zou, H., Wu, S., Ran, Q., Shen, J. (2008). A simple and Low-Cost method for the preparation of monodisperse hollow silica spheres. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 112(31), 11623–11629. doi: 10.1021/jp800557k
  10. Mielczarski, J., Jeyachandran, Y., Mielczarski, E., Rai, B. (2011). Modification of polystyrene surface in aqueous solutions. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 362(2), 532–539. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.05.068
  11. Skorodumova, О., Tarakhno, O., Chebotaryova, O., Hapon, Y., Emen, F. (2020). Formation of fire retardant properties in elastic silica coatings for textile materials. Materials Science Forum, 1006, 25–31. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1006.25
  12. Cox, R. A. (1999). Styrene hydration and stilbene isomerization in strong acid media. An excess acidity analysis. Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 77(5–6), 709–718. doi: 10.1139/v99-028
  13. Bryukhanov, A. L., Vlasov, D. Y., Maiorova, M. A., Tsarovtseva, I. M. (2021). The role of microorganisms in the destruction of concrete and reinforced concrete structures. Power Technology and Engineering, 54(5), 609–614. doi: 10.1007/s10749-020-01260-5
  14. Davarnejad, R. (2021). Alkenes – Recent advances, new perspectives and applications. IntechOpen. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.94671

 

Developing a model of the radiating surface of a flame over a flammable liquid spill in the presence of wind

 

Volodymyr Oliinik

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5193-1775

 

Oleksii Basmanov

National University of Civil Defenсe of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6434-6575

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2023-38-8

 

Keywords: flammable liquid spill, spill fire, radiating flame surface, heat flow

 

Аnnotation

The object of the study is a spill fire. The subject of the study is the geometric characteristics of the flame, in particular, the length and angle of inclination. The model of the radiating surface of a flame over a burning liquid spill of an arbitrary shape is constructed. The essence of the approach is that the length of the flame at a given point is equal to the length of the flame at the point of the circular spill located at the same distance from the boundary of the spill. It allows generalizing the known empirical dependences for the case of spills of arbitrary shape. The flame length is a power-law function of the distance to the spill boundary and the mass loss rate per unit area. To take into account the effect of wind on the shape of the flame, the empirical dependence of the length and angle of inclination of the flame on the wind speed is used. It is assumed that the wind deforms the flame in such a way that all points of the flame surface deviate by the same angle from the vertical. Wind inclines the flame from the vertical axis more significantly for the smaller size of the spill and smaller mass loss rate per unit area. This is due to the formation of more powerful upward currents over the combustion center when its size and intensity of liquid combustion increase. A model of the radiating surface of the flame was constructed in a parametric form. The results obtained from the model are in good agreement with the experimental ones. The relative error for the angle of deviation of the flame by the wind from the vertical axis does not exceed 9%. In practice, this opens up opportunities for calculating the thermal impact on nearby technological objects, as well as determining safe zones for the location of personnel and equipment involved in fire suppression. The model can be used to specify the thermal effect of fire on steel and concrete structures.

 

References

 

  1. Huang, K., Chen, G., Khan, F., Yang, Y. (2021). Dynamic analysis for fire-induced domino effects in chemical process industries. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 148, 686–697. doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2021.01.042
  2. Hemmatian, B., Abdolhamidzadeh, B., Darbra, R., Casal, J. (2014). The significance of domino effect in chemical accidents. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 29, 30–38. doi: 10.1016/j.jlp.2014.01.003
  3. Fabiano, B., Caviglione, C., Reverberi, A. P., Palazzi, E. (2016). Multicomponent Hydrocarbon Pool Fire: Analytical Modelling and Field Application. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 48, 187–192. doi: 10.3303/CET1648032
  4. Yang, R., Khan, F., Neto, E., Rusli, R., Ji, J. (2020). Could pool fire alone cause a domino effect? Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 202, 106976. doi: 1016/j.ress.2020.106976
  5. Reniers G., Cozzani V. (2013). Features of Escalation Scenarios. Domino Effects in the Process Industries. Elsevier. 30–42. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-54323-3.00003-8
  6. Raja, S., Tauseef, S. M., Abbasi, T. (2018). Risk of Fuel Spills and the Transient Models of Spill Area Forecasting. Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention, 18, 445–455. doi: 1007/s11668-018-0429-1
  7. Liu, J., Li, D., Wang, Z., Chai, X. (2021). A state-of-the-art research progress and prospect of liquid fuel spill fires. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 28, 101421. doi: 10.1016/j.csite.2021.101421
  8. Zhang, Zh., Zong, R., Tao, Ch., Ren, J., Lu, Sh. (2020). Experimental study on flame height of two oil tank fires under different lip heights and distances. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 139, 182–190. doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2020.04.019
  9. He, P., Wang, P., Wang, K., Liu, X., Wang, C., Tao, C., Liu, Y. (2019). The evolution of flame height and air flow for double rectangular pool fires, Fuel, 237, 486–493. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2018.10.027
  10. Miao, Y., Chen, Y., Tang, F., Zhang, X., Hu, L. (2023). An experimental study on flame geometry and radiation flux of line-source fire over inclined surface. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 39(3), 3795–3803. doi: 10.1016/
    j.proci.2022.07.109
  11. Chen, Y., Fang, J., Zhang, X., Miao, Y., Lin, Y., Tu, R., Hu, L. (2023). Pool fire dynamics: Principles, models and recent advances, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 95, 101070. doi: 10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101070
  12. Guo, Y., Xiao, G., Wang, L., Chen, C., Deng, H., Mi, H., Tu, C., Li,Y.(2023). Pool fire burning characteristics and risks under wind-free conditions: State-of-the-art, Fire Safety Journal, 136, 103755. doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2023.103755
  13. Yao, Y., Li, Y., Ingason, H., Cheng, X. (2019). Scale effect of mass loss rates for pool fires in an open environment and in tunnels with wind, Fire Safety Journal, 105, 41–50. doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.02.004
  14. Yao, Y., Li, Y., Ingason, H., Cheng, X., Zhang, H. (2021). Theoretical and numerical study on influence of wind on mass loss rates of heptane pool fires at different scales, Fire Safety Journal, 120, 103048. doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.103048
  15. Ditch, B. D., Ris, J. L., Blanchat, T. K., Chaos, M., Bill, R. G., Dorofeev, S.B. (2013). Pool fires – An empirical correlation, Combustion and Flame, 160 (12), 2964–2974. doi: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.06.020
  16. Drysdale, D. An Introduction to Fire Dynamics. (2011). 3nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., New York. doi: 10.1002/9781119975465
  17. Abramov, Y., Basmanov, O., Krivtsova, V., Salamov, J. (2019). Modeling of spilling and extinguishing of burning fuel on horizontal surface, Naukovyi Visnyk NHU, 4, 86–90. doi: 10.29202/nvngu/2019-4/16
  18. Oliinik, V., Basmanov, O. (2023). Model of spreading and burning the liquid on the soil, Problems of emergency situations, 1(37), 18–30. doi: 10.52363/2524-0226-2023-37-2
  19. Abramov, Y., Basmanov, O., Khmyrov, I., Oliinik, V. (2022). Justifying the experimental method for determining the parameters of liquid infiltration in bulk material, Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 4/10(118), 24–29. doi: 10.15587/1729-4061.2022.262249
  20. Abramov, Y., Basmanov, O., Oliinik, V., Khmyrov, I., Khmyrova, A. (2022). Modeling the convective component of the heat flow from a spill fire at railway accidence. EUREKA: Physics and Engineering, 6, 128–138. doi: 10.21303/2461-4262.2022.002702
  21. Kovalov, A., Otrosh, Y., Rybka, E., Kovalevska, T., Togobytska, V., Rolin,I. (2020). Treatment of Determination Method for Strength Characteristics of Reinforcing Steel by Using Thread Cutting Method after Temperature Influence. In Materials Science Forum. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 1006, 179–184. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.1006.179
  22. Abramov, Y. A., Basmanov, O. E., Mikhayluk, A. A., Salamov, J. (2018). Model of thermal effect of fire within a dike on the oil tank. Naukovyi Visnyk NHU, 2, 95–100. doi: 10.29202/nvngu/2018-2/12
  23. Abramov, Y., Basmanov, O., Salamov, J., Mikhayluk, A., Yashchenko, O. (2019). Developing a model of tank cooling by water jets from hydraulic monitors under conditions of fire, Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 1/10(97), 14–20 doi: 10.15587/1729-4061.2019.154669
  24. Lees, F. P. (2012). Loss prevention in the process industries, 4th Edition. doi: 10.1016/C2009-0-24104-3
  25. 25. Instructions for extinguishing fires in tanks with oil and oil products. Normative act on fire safety035–2004, 79. Available at: https://zakon.isu.net.ua/sites/default/
    files/normdocs/instrukciya_schodo_gasinnya_pozhezh_u_rezervuarakh_iz_naftoyu.pdf
  26. Otrosh, Yu., Semkiv, O., Rybka, E., Kovalov, A. (2009). About need of calculations for the steel framework building in temperature influences conditions. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 708, 1. doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/708/1/012065
  27. Pospelov, B., Andronov, V., Rybka, E., Skliarov. S. (2017). Design of fire detectors capable of self-adjusting by ignition. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 4(9), 53–59. doi: 10.15587/1729-4061.2017.108448
  1. D. Tregubov, L. Trefilova, E. Slepuzhnikov, D. Sokolov, F. Trehubova. Correlation of properties in hydrocarbons homologous series. С. 96-118.
  2. D. Beliuchenko, А. Maksymov, V. Strelets, O. Burmenko. Comparative analysis of rescue operations to rescue a victims at a height. С. 80-95.
  3. D. Dubinin, K. Korytchenko, Y. Krivoruchko, S. Ragimov, V. Trigub. Features of the process of water filling the barrel of a periodic-pulse fire extinguishing installation. С. 69-79.
  4. S. Shakhov, S. Vinogradov, E. Rybka, S. Garbuz, K. Ostapov. Features of determining the time of evacuation of people from buildings in case of fire. С.53-68.