Study of the influence of sodium hexametaphosphate on the properties of silica-containing fireproofing coating for building materials

 

Lysak Nataliia

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5338-4704

 

Skorodumova Olga

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8962-0155

 

Chernukha Anton

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0365-3205

 

Goncharenko Yana

National University of Civil Protection e of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1766-3244

 

Ivanenko Oleksandr

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0009-0006-8566-0084

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2025-42-14

 

Keywords: fire-retardant silica-containing coatings, silicophosphate coatings, modifying phosphorus-containing additives, building materials, heat resistance, fire resistance, extruded polystyrene foam

 

Аnnotation

 

The influence of the technology for obtaining fire-retardant compositions based on liquid glass for fire protection of building finishing materials was studied. The influence of the silicate module of liquid glass on the rheological properties of silicic acid sols modified with phosphate-containing compounds was studied. According to the results of spectrophotometric measurements, it was established that the ratio n(SiO₂)/n(Na₂O) in liquid glass within 2.5–3 does not significantly affect the survivability of the compositions. The influence of the ratio of the initial components on the duration of solidification of the sols was determined. It was established that the preliminary introduction of 0.1 wt. % Trilon B into tap water allows obtaining stable silicic acid sols over time, which is a prerequisite for the formation of a homogeneous fire-retardant coating. Fire tests were carried out on samples of wood and extruded polystyrene foam coated with compositions of the studied composition. It was found that the content of 2 % orthophosphoric acid and 0.1 % sodium hexametaphosphate provides mass loss of wood samples less than 7.5 %, which corresponds to the I group of fire-retardant efficiency of coatings, and the protected material belongs to the group of low-flammability. For extruded polystyrene foam, the best fire-retardant effect was demonstrated by compositions with a sodium hexametaphosphate content of 1 %: mass loss of samples varied within 1–3 %, burning drops were not formed, and the samples did not support combustion. It is assumed that the increased fire resistance of coatings with a higher content of phosphorus-containing additive is associated with the fusibility of sodium compounds and their ability to transfer the fire-retardant coating to a visco-plastic state, which contributes to the dissipation of deformation stresses and prevents the formation of cracks in the coating.

 

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Research on the time to reach fire-hazardous concen-trations in a room during a natural gas leak

 

Klyuchka Yurii

National University of Urban Economy named by O.M. Beketov

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1066-4217

 

Doroshenko Daria

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4222-9359

 

Kornienko Ruslan

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4854-283X

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2025-42-13

 

Keywords: methane, leakage, sampling, lognormal law, mass flow rate

 

Аnnotation

 

The paper investigates the stochastic nature of the time it takes for natural gas (methane) to reach the lower flammability limit when it leaks in a closed room. The relevance of the problem is due to the widespread use of gas and increased risks, in particular, due to damage to infrastructure in the context of military aggression by the Russian. Since the time depends on many random factors, such as the mass flow rate of gas, which is determined by the pressure and the area of the leak, mathematical modeling of the gas accumulation process was performed for three scenarios of the area distribution of the leak. A detailed statistical analysis was performed for the three samples of time values obtained. The basic indicators (mean, median, standard deviation, asymmetry coefficient) were calculated and revealed a high right-sided asymmetry for all samples, indicating their non-compliance with the normal law. Testing the hypotheses of conformity to distributions (normal, gamma) using the Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov criteria gave a negative result. Even the hypothesis of lognormal distribution, which is often used for similar processes, was rejected by formal tests using the same criteria. Visual analysis using a Q-Q plot confirmed the test results: for logarithmic time values, all three samples showed a clear S-shaped curve characteristic of leptokurtic distributions with “heavy tails.” This indicates that standard models, including the lognormal model, systematically underestimate the probability of both abnormally small and abnormally large values of the time to reach the lower concentration limit of flame propagation. The results obtained show the importance of taking into account “heavy tails” when assessing risks and developing preventive safety measures.

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gov.ua/UJRN/Ppb_2020_48_8

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Modeling ammonium nitrate explosive properties

 

Nuianzin Vitalii

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4785-0814

 

Tregubov Dmytro

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1821-822X

 

Maiboroda Artem

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6108-9772

 

Trefilova Larisa

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9061-4206

 

Mazurov Volodymyr

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0415-7834

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2025-42-11

 

Keywords: ammonium nitrate, explosiveness, supramolecular structure, cluster, detonation ability, damage radius

 

Аnnotation

 

The ideas about occurrence mechanisms of agricultural ammonium nitrate explosive properties are systematized. It is shown that they only partially describe the such events randomness without substantiating development clear mechanisms. The directions of saltpeter properties changes under different additives and storage conditions, as well as ways to increase it structure stability during storage, are systematized. Mechanisms for preventing the explosiveness occurrence for agro-mixtures of nitrate with ammonium sulfate or calcium carbonate were compared. Schemes of saltpeter chemical transformations during decomposition at temperature influence or other initiation routes are presented. It is shown that it explosion specific TNT equivalent varies within 0.45–1.35, depending on the accompanying factors set. The possible explosion consequences for 3.000 tons saltpeter assessed based on the average TNT equivalent. The possible consequences of 10.000 tons saltpeter agro-mixtures explosion with a disturbed composition were assessed according to the participation coefficient in the explosion. Modeling of ammonium nitrate supramolecular structure variants for the stable state and for the explosive transformations initiation moment was carried out based on the determining the detonation ability index KD using the "melting ease" index. It was established that the scheme "linear cluster based on nitrobase" gives a high indicator KD >1, which does not correspond to reality; for tetragonal lattices KD < 1 was obtained, which shows the explosive properties absence; under crystal structure destruction conditions, for dimers with a clustering scheme with nitro groups “facing each other”, KD >1 was obtained, which determines significant explosive properties. The forming different supramolecular structures possibility determines the forming different explosive proper-ties ability.

 

References

 

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Mathematical model of optimal logistics routes of fire tank trucks when extinguishing landscape fires

 

Almazov Kamran

Academy of the Ministry of Emergency Situations

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6483-351X

 

Mykhailovska Yuliia

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1090-5033

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2025-42-12

 

Keywords: : logistical routes, firefighting vehicles, landscape fires, mathematical model, terrain parameters

 

Аnnotation

 

The paper builds a mathematical model of the optimal route based on the minimum time criterion, in off-road conditions depending on the tactical and technical characteristics of the vehicle and the parameters of the landscape, taking into account the stability of this vehicle to overturning. This model is based on the application of computer technologies of geographic information systems. In this case, geographic information analytical models and vector-functional models of the relief of rough terrain where the occurrence, development and spread of a landscape fire are possible were used. When creating the model, it was taken into account that in conditions of ascent and descent when overcoming uneven terrain, the speed of the fire vehicle decreases, and some directions of movement of this vehicle are prohibited, from the point of view of the maximum engine power that can be developed in these conditions. In addition, the possibility of overturning of vehicles transporting fire-extinguishing fluid in an appropriate capacity, such as fire tankers, must be taken into account. The risk of overturning can be increased by a sudden shift of the center of mass due to the movement of the liquid in the container with the formation of splashes, as well as the action of inertial forces. To build safe and optimal routes, taking into account such aspects, the features of the terrain should be analyzed using geographic information systems, permitted directions should be determined, and conditions for possible deceleration when overcoming irregularities should be taken into account. To solve the problem of obtaining optimal routes, a mathematical model was built that establishes the dependence of the azimuthal speed of the vehicle depending on their tactical and technical characteristics and local data on the relief of the rough terrain. The developed mathematical model can be used to predict relatively safe and convenient logistical routes of firefighting vehicles to the fire center in real-world conditions.

 

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Scientific and methodological principles for justifying training standards in body armor

 

Avetisian Vadim

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5986-2794

 

Lisniak Andrey

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5526-1513

 

Shevchenko Serhii

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6740-9252

 

Ostapov Kostiantyn

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1275-741X

 

Senchykhyn Iurii

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5983-2747

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2025-42-10

 

Keywords: personal protective equipment, body armor, ballistic vest, helmet, fire and rescue units, standards

 

Аnnotation

 

A statistical assessment method was developed to evaluate the impact of ballistic protective equipment on the performance of operational standards by firefighters-rescuers. The method is based on a within-subject experimental design with repeated measurements under two conditions: without protective gear and while wearing a ballistic vest and helmet. To cover different types of physical and coordination load, a set of training exercises was selected and grouped into three categories: donning equipment (dynamic dressing actions), tasks involving fine motor coordination, and dynamic deployment with equipment handling. Each participant performed the exercises in both conditionswith and without protective gearwhile maintaining fixed rest intervals between trials. Several valid trials were recorded for each exercise, and a representative time was calculated for each participant. Primary indicators included the completion time under both conditions; secondary indicators comprised the relative increase in time and the correction coefficient (k) for each exercise. During data processing, the normality of differences was tested using the Shapiro–Wilk test, followed by a dependent samples t-test to evaluate statistical significance. The magnitude of the effect was quantified by Cohen’s d for paired measurements and interpreted using conventional thresholds (small, medium, large). For practical application, exercise-specific correction coefficients (k) were proposed as multiplicative factors to adjust existing time standards. The methodology was tested on a group of firefighters performing a standardized set of exercises. It was found that ballistic protection caused the greatest delay in actions involving donning equipment and active movement, while having minimal influence on fine-motor tasks requiring precision and coordination. The proposed procedure provides a formalized and statistically grounded approach for assessing the effect of protective equipment, and the obtained coefficients enable the integration of results into the system of operational standards to adjust performance time considering the use of ballistic protection.

 

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