Application of compression foam for extinguishing fires in tanks

Kovalyshyn Vasyl

Lviv State University of Life Safety

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5463-0230

Velykyi Nazarii

Lviv State University of Life Safety

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7967-4491

Marych Volodymyr

Lviv State University of Life Safety

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7051-4494

Kovalyshyn Volodymyr

Lviv State University of Life Safety

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3739-8668

Velikyi Andrii

Lviv State University of Life Safety

https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5987-9745

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2026-43-22

Keywords: compression foam, subsurface extinguishing, tank, air-mechanical foam, petroleum product, gasoline

Аnnotation

An analysis of the economic efficiency of using compression foam for subsurface extinguishing of oil product fires (gasoline) in steel vertical tanks has been conducted. The study is based on calcu-lations for a vertical steel tank with a volume of 5000 m³, whose burning mirror area is 346 m², mod-eled in the SolidWorks Flow Simulation environment [1]. The paper presents a comparative analysis of foam concentrate consumption for the traditional surface extinguishing method and the subsurface method using compression foam. Calculations were performed in accordance with the recommended supply intensity of the foam solution for the subsurface method – 0.08 l/m²·s. The calculated extin-guishing time for gasoline and a triple reserve of foam concentrate according to the current methodo-logical recommendations of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine were also taken into account. According to the conducted research, it was established that the use of compression foam with an expansion ratio of 10 allows reducing foam concentrate consumption by almost 4 times compared to traditional surface extinguishing. Additional advantages include reduced thermal stress on the per-sonnel of the State Emergency Service units, lower risk to firefighters, and decreased load on fire-fighting equipment. The results of the study have practical significance for optimizing fire-fighting tactics at oil and gas complex facilities, oil depots, and petroleum product storage warehouses. The implementation of the proposed technology is particularly relevant under martial law conditions, when Ukraine’s critical infrastructure is subjected to systematic rocket and drone attacks. The use of compression foam via the subsurface method will significantly increase the efficiency of protecting strategic facilities and reduce material losses from fires. Thus, subsurface extinguishing using com-pression foam is a promising direction for the development of oil product fire suppression in vertical steel tanks.

References

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Received by the editorial board: 10.03.2026

Accepted for publication: 13.04.2026

Date of publication (release): 31.05.2026

Influence of potential burning area on the dynamics of the spread of hazardous factors of fire

Shakhov Stanislav

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9161-1696

Melnychenko Andrii

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7229-6926

Soshinskiy Olexandr

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7921-1294

Saveliev Dmytro

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4310-0437

Dement Maksym

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4975-384X

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2025-42-20

Keywords: fire area, potential burning area, fire simulation, Fire Dynamics Simulator

Аnnotation

The object of the study is the influence of the potential burning area in Fire Dynamics Simula-tor on the values of fire hazardous factors. The main hypothesis is that changes in the potential burn-ing area in Fire Dynamics Simulator affect the rate at which fire hazardous factors reach their critical threshold values. The problem addressed in this study was to obtain scientifically substantiated data on the influence of the potential burning area in Fire Dynamics Simulator on the values of fire haz-ardous factors. The use of the term “potential burning area” is proposed. As a result, data were ob-tained regarding the influence of the potential burning area on the dynamics of the spread of fire hazardous factors. The results show a significant difference in the time required for visibility to reach its critical threshold values at all measuring points along evacuation routes when the potential burn-ing area is 0.5 m² and 6 m². When the potential burning area is 0.5 m², the visibility indicator does not decrease below 7.5 m, whereas at a potential burning area of 6 m² it decreases to 2.2 m. A com-parison was made of the time required for fire hazardous factors to reach their critical threshold val-ues, particularly visibility, for potential burning areas of 0.5 m² and 6 m². The difference in visibility loss at measuring points № 1, 2, 3, and 4 in percentage terms is 18 %, 13 %, 19 %, and 15 %, respec-tively. At measuring points No. 5 and № 6, when the potential burning area is 0.5 m², visibility loss is not recorded at all. In contrast, when the potential burning area is 6 m², the reduction of visibility below 20 m at measuring points № 5 and No. 6 occurs at 216 s and 220 s, respectively. Thus, the po-tential burning area in Fire Dynamics Simulator modeling should be selected in such a way that there is no artificial limitation of the surface over which flames can spread during the total evacua-tion time. Artificial limitation of the potential burning area leads to distortion of the values of fire hazardous factors.

References

1. Shakhov, S. M., Vynohradov, S. A., Saveliev, D. I., Karpova, D. I. (2023). Analysis of foreign experience in calculating evacuation time. Emergency Situations: Prevention and Elimination, 7(2), 29–42. doi: 10.31731/2524.2636.2023.7.2.29.42
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3. Shakhov, S. M., Vynohradov, S. A., Polivanov, O. H., Saveliev, D. I., Mel-nychenko, A. S. (2023). Features of heat release rate modeling methods in Fire Dy-namics Simulator. Problems of Emergency Situations, 1(37), 79–94. doi: 10.52363/2524-0226-2023-37-6
4. Shakhov, S. M., Melnychenko, A. S., Saveliev, D. I., Dement, M. O., Huz, A. S. (2025). Influence of smoke screens on the level of fire safety of shelters. Problems of Emergency Situations, 2(42), 304–316. doi: 10.52363/2524-0226-2025-42-20
5. Shakhov, S. M., Vynohradov, S. A., Rybka, E. O., Harbuz, S. V., Osta-pov, K. M. (2023). Features of determining evacuation time of people from buildings in case of fire. Problems of Emergency Situations, 2(38), 53–68. doi: 10.52363/2524-0226-2023-38-4
6. Li, D. M., Zhu, S. B., Wang, J. H., Zhou, Z. (2018). Research on Fire Safety Evacuation in a University Library in Nanjing. Procedia Engineering, 211, 372–378. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.12.025
7. Gao, Z., Li, Z., Wei, J., Long, T., Wang, Q., Shu, L. (2020). Study on forest road of fireproof blockade functions based on PyroSim. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 42(9), 51–60. doi: 10.12171/j.1000–1522.20200140
8. Yanjie, J. (2021). A fire simulation method of urban light rail station hall based on building information model and PyroSim software. Journal of Physics: Con-ference Series, 1903, 012065, 1–7. doi: 10.1088/1742–6596/1903/1/012065
9. Hui, Z. (2022). Evacuation simulation of large theater based on PyroSim and Pathfinder. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2289, 012017, 1–7. doi: 10.1088/1742–6596/2289/1/012017
10. Jian, Z. (2020). Fire simulation research on a bus based on PyroSim. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1678, 012100, 1–7. doi: 10.1088/1742–6596/1678/1/012100
11. Xu, M., Peng, D. (2020). PyroSim-based numerical simulation of fire safety and evacuation behaviour of college buildings. International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering, 10, 293–299. doi: 10.18280/ijsse.100218
12. Xinfeng, L., Xueqin, Z., Bo, L. (2017). Numerical simulation of dormitory building fire and personnel escape based on PyroSim and Pathfinder. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 40(3), 257–266. doi: 10.1080/02533839.2017.1300072
13. McGrattan, K., Hostikka, S., Floyd, J., McDermott, R., Vanella, M. (2020). Fire Dynamics Simulator Technical Reference Guide. Volume 1: Mathematical Mod-el. 6th ed. Gaithersburg: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 181.

Received by the editorial board: 10.03.2026

Accepted for publication: 13.04.2026

Date of publication (release): 31.05.2026

Methodological foundations of intelligent forecasting of fire safety for critical industrial infrastructure facilities

Dychko Alina

National Transport University

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4632-3203

Demchuk Liudmyla

Zhytomyr Polytechnic State University

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5698-7113

Kryukovskaya Lesіa

National Transport University

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8944-8036

Kahukina Anastasiia

Zhytomyr Polytechnic State University

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8932-1211

Belmega Ivan

Zhytomyr Polytechnic State University

https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2524-6217

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2026-43-21

Keywords: intelligent forecasting, pyrogenic safety, critical infrastructure facilities, man-made load, hazard monitoring

Аnnotation

Substantiates new methodological foundations for the intelligent forecasting of pyrogenic (fire) safety of critical industrial infrastructure facilities under conditions of dynamic man-made and exter-nal threats. The relevance of the research stems from the need to transition from reactive fire suppres-sion to predictive risk management using artificial intelligence technologies. A comprehensive meth-odological concept has been developed that integrates methods of systems analysis, catastrophe theo-ry, and machine learning. An architecture for an intelligent system for early detection and forecasting of fire development dynamics has been developed, capable of assessing the probability of pyrogenic threats with an accuracy of 92–95 %. Mathematical models of the nonlinear propagation of heat flux-es in enclosed spaces of complex industrial facilities have been obtained, taking into account the spe-cifics of the fire load. Decision support algorithms have been developed for operational personnel that minimize response time to threats by 30–40 % and automatically generate scenarios for localizing the source of ignition. The methodology is based on a comprehensive approach. The empirical basis was formed using statistical analysis of historical data on fires at industrial facilities in recent years. Math-ematical modeling of combustion and heat and mass transfer processes was implemented using com-putational fluid dynamics methods. The intelligent component was developed by designing and train-ing ensembles of neural networks (in particular, LSTM for time series) on synthetic and real sensor monitoring data samples (temperature, gas concentration, smoke density). The adequacy of the mod-els was verified through a computer simulation experiment and by comparing the results with known expert scenarios of man-made accident development.

References

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Received by the editorial board: 10.03.2026

Accepted for publication: 13.04.2026

Date of publication (release): 31.05.2026

Improvement of algorithms for enhancing the efficiency of fire situation monitoring

Rudakov Serhii

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8263-0476

Myrgorod Oksana

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5989-3435

Pirohov Oleksandr

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0958-0801

Perehin Alina

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2062-5537

Melezhyk Roman

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6425-4147

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2026-43-19

Keywords: fire safety, unmanned aerial vehicles, fire monitoring, optimal flight altitude

Аnnotation

The article examines the process of monitoring fire conditions using small unmanned aerial ve-hicles (hereinafter referred to as UAVs). The object of the study is the process of remote observation of fire hotspots, while the subject is the dependence of the efficiency of detecting objects of interest and flight safety on the UAV flight altitude. The research problem lies in the contradiction between the need to improve the reliability of object detection and ensuring UAV flight safety under the in-fluence of hazardous fire-related factors, including smoke, thermal radiation, and air turbulence. The aim of the study is to improve the efficiency of fire monitoring by determining the optimal UAV flight altitude. The paper develops a monitoring efficiency criterion based on minimizing total losses, taking into account both losses associated with detection errors and losses caused by the risk of UAV loss. Mathematical models of object observability and flight safety are proposed, considering variable parameters of the fire environment, including smoke intensity, characteristics of the underlying sur-face, and thermal effects. Based on these models, an algorithm for determining the optimal UAV flight altitude for individual fire hotspots is developed, taking into account local conditions. A dis-tinctive feature of the obtained results is the comprehensive consideration of the mutual influence of observation conditions and flight hazard factors, as well as the adaptive nature of the proposed ap-proach, which enables the determination of optimal flight parameters in real time for different areas. According to the simulation results, the use of the proposed approach increases monitoring efficiency by an average of 15 %, and in some cases by up to 40–80 % compared to flights at a fixed altitude. The obtained results can be applied in decision support systems during fire response operations.

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Received by the editorial board: 10.03.2026

Accepted for publication: 13.04.2026

Date of publication (release): 31.05.2026