Kinetics of chemical neutralisation of chlorine by a small dispersed water stream with a neutraliser

Lesko Andrei

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2053-2362

Kulakov Oleg

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5236-1949

Katunin Albert

Ivan Kozhedub Kharkiv National Air Force University

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2171-4558

Maladyka Igor

Cherkasy State Technological University

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8784-2814

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2025-41-6

Keywords: chemical kinetics equation, chemical neutralisation, chlorine, model, small dispersed water stream

Аnnotation

The kinetics of chemical neutralization of chlorine when neutralizers are added to a fine water stream during precipitation is investigated. It has been shown that the activity of chemical neutralizers that can be added to a fine water stream is different in the chemical reaction with chlorine. The practical application of sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide as chemical chlorine neutralisers is proposed. On the basis of the model of chlorine neutralisation by a small dispersed stream of clean water, a mathematical model of chlorine neutralisation by a small dispersed stream of water with a chemical neutraliser was developed. The model is based on the assumption that during the chemical neutralisation of chlorine with a small dispersed water stream with a neutraliser, the chemical reaction rate is calculated according to the standard chemical kinetics equation. The kinetics of the process of chemical neutralisation of chlorine by a small dispersed water stream with sodium hydroxide has been studied. The addition of sodium hydroxide to the small dispersed water stream leads to an increase in the rate of neutralisation of gaseous chlorine over the full range of changes in the intensity of the small dispersed water stream with the neutraliser with dynamics similar to the case of neutralisation with pure water. It is recommended to limit the intensity of the supply of a small dispersed stream of water with the sodium hydroxide neutraliser to 1.5÷1.7 l/(s·m²). An increase in the concentration of the neutraliser in water will result in a significant increase in the rate of neutralisation of gaseous chlorine. For chemical neutralisation (deposition) of gaseous chlorine with a small dispersed water stream with the addition of sodium hydroxide, it is advisable to use concentrated mixtures. At an intensity of 2.0 l/(s·m²) of a small dispersed water stream and a concentration of 0.5 kg/kg of sodium hydroxide in the water, the rate of neutralisation of gaseous chlorine increases by 90 %, and at a concentration of 1.0 kg/kg – by 140 %.

References

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Application of pulse width modulation for controlling the executive device of the adaptive fire protection system

Durieiev Viacheslav

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7981-6779

Bondarenko Serhiy

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4687-1763

Antoshkin Oleksiy

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2481-2030

Mykhailovska Yuliia

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1090-5033

Maliarov Murat

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4052-7128

Murin Mikhail

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9898-0128

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2025-41-4

Keywords: adaptive system, time constant, executive device, pulse width modulation, duty cycle

Аnnotation

A functional model of the pulse-width modulation device was developed to convert a continuous normalized input analog signal into a proportional output signal of the pulse-width modulation executive device of the fire protection system. An analysis of the scientific literature was carried out, which made it possible to take into account in mathematical models the use of pulse-width modulation of the control signal for controlling the operation of an inertial executive device, which was not considered before. A feature of the developed functional model is the use of pulse-width modulation of the control signal to control the operation of the inertial actuator. It has been proved that for the formation of the control signal of the operation of the executive device, the model of the device of pulse width modulation of the control signal must take into account the type, parameters of operation and structural features of the executive device. The study of the impact of the pulse-width modulated control signal on the executive device was carried out. The dependence of the signal spread at the output of the executive device with a given time constant on the dimensionless parameter presented in the logarithmic coordinate system is presented. The dependence of the spread and error of the signal at the output of the executive device with a given value of the time constant on the value of the control signal, the frequency of pulse-width modulation and the inertia of the real executive device is determined. A dimensionless criterion is proposed for determining the parameters of the pulse-width modulation of the control signal of the executive device with the given inertia and spread of the control signal. The results of the application of the functional model confirm the validity of the accepted hypothesis, and the calculated operating parameters of the executive device correspond to the experimental data. Recommendations for determining the parameters of continuous control of the executive device have been formulated.

References

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2. Torabnia, S., Banazadeh, A. (2014). Development of a water brake dynamometer with regard to the modular product design methodology, Proceedings of the ASME 2014. 12th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis, 15, 20229–20232. doi:10.1115/ESDA2014-20232
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4. Kustanovich, Z., Reissner, F., Shivratri, S., Weiss, G. (2021). The sensitivity of grid-connected synchronverters with respect to measurement errors. IEEE Access, 9, 118985–118995. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3107345
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   Synchronverter-based_emulation_and_control_of_HVDC_transmission
6. Ashabani, M., Jung, J. (2020). Synchronous voltage controllers: Voltage-basedemulation of synchronous machines for the integration of renewable energy sources. IEEE Access, 8, 49497–49508. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2976892
7. Busada, C.A., Jorge, S. G., Solsona, J. A. (2021). Output admittance synthesizerfor synchronverters. In IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. doi:10.1109/TIE.2023.3277109
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   mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/9/3719
9. Mandrile, F., Musumeci, S., Carpaneto, E., Bojoi, R., Dragicevicand, T., Blaabjerg, F. (2020). State-space modeling techniques of emerging grid-connected converters. Energies, 13. doi:10.3390/en13184824
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l, H. (2011). Inverse torque control of hydrodynamic dynamometers for combustion engine test benches. Proceedings of the American Control Conference, 4598 – 4603. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/

224254112_Inverse_torque_control_of_hydrodynamic_dynamometers_for_combustion_engine_test_benches

2. Torabnia, S., Banazadeh, A. (2014). Development of a water brake dyna-mometer with regard to the modular product design methodology, Proceedings of the ASME 2014. 12th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis, 15, 20229–20232. doi:10.1115/ESDA2014-20232
3. Shao, T., et al. (2019). A robust power regulation controller to enhance dy-namic performance of voltage source converters, In IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 34, 12407–12422. Dec. 2019. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2019.2906057
4. Kustanovich, Z., Reissner, F., Shivratri, S., Weiss, G. (2021). The sensitivity of grid-connected synchronverters with respect to measurement errors. IEEE Access, 9, 118985–118995. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3107345
5. Aouini, R., Marinescu, B., Ben, Kilani, K., Elleuch, M. (2016). Synchron-verter-based emulation and control of HVDC transmission. IEEE Trans. PowerSys-tems, 31, 278–286. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322998600_

Synchronverter-based_emulation_and_control_of_HVDC_transmission

6. Ashabani, M., Jung, J. (2020). Synchronous voltage controllers: Voltage-basedemulation of synchronous machines for the integration of renewable energy sources. IEEE Access, 8, 49497–49508. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2976892
7. Busada, C. A., Jorge, S. G., Solsona, J. A. (2021). Output admittance synthe-sizerfor synchronverters. In IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. doi:10.1109/TIE.2023.3277109
8. Abo-Khalil, A. G., Al-Qawasmi, A.-R., Eltamaly, A. M., Yu, B. G. (2020). Condition monitoring of DC-Link Electrolytic Capacitors in PWM power converters using OBL method. Sustainability, 12, 719–726. Available at: https://www.

mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/9/3719

9. Mandrile, F., Musumeci, S., Carpaneto, E., Bojoi, R., Dragicevicand, T., Blaabjerg, F. (2020). State-space modeling techniques of emerging grid-connected converters. Energies, 13. doi:10.3390/en13184824
10. Zabara, S. (2015). Modelyuvannya sistem u seredovishchі MATLAB. Unіversitet Ukraїna, 137. Available at: https://www.yakaboo.ua/modeljuvannja-sistem-u-seredovischi-matlab.html

Determination of various types electric lamps parameters in emergency modes of operation

Kalchenko Yaroslav

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3482-0782

Afanasenko Kostiantyn

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1877-1551

Oliinyk Volodymyr

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5193-1775

Borsuk Olena

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5759-4506

Kostyrka Olesia

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3225-6604

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2025-41-5

Keywords: lamp temperature, overvoltage, undervoltage, fire hazard

Аnnotation

Studies have been conducted to determine the temperature of electric lamps of various types in emergency modes of operation of power grids, namely overvoltage. Graphs of the dependence of the temperature of the bulb of incandescent lamps, arc mercury lamps and LED lamps on the voltage applied to them. Mathematical models of the value of the heating temperature of the bulb of the electric incandescent lamp, the arc mercury lamp and the LED lamp are obtained depending on the time. It is determined that the temperature of the bulb of the incandescent electric lamp increases exponentially and stabilizes after about 300 seconds. The temperature of an arc mercury lamp also varies exponentially, but, compared to an incandescent lamp, it is not so fast, but stabilizes after about 600 seconds. It is determined that in emergency modes of operation, the temperature of incandescent lamps and arc mercury lamps may exceed the normative values of temperature groups, as a result of which, when used in environments where explosive gases or vapors are present, they can become a source of ignition and lead to explosion or ignition of these substances. It is determined that the temperature of the LED lamp changes according to the linear law and after 300 seconds stops growing. Temperature dependencies of different elements of the LED lamp are built depending on the electric voltage applied to it. It was found that the driver, namely the power control chip, heats up most when the LED electric lamp is operating. It is determined that when the electric voltage decreases, the power control chip heats up more, but not significantly. It was found that the LED lamp is the best from the point of view of fire safety, since it has the lowest temperature, and also the change in the voltage of the electrical network reacts the least, which is explained by its design and principle of operation.

References

1. Analytical report on fires and their consequences in Ukraine for 10 months of 2024. Available at: https://dsns.gov.ua/upload/2/2/8/5/6/0/6/analitychna-dovidka-pro-pojeji-102024-ost.pdf
2. Lyn, A., Kravets, I., Ferents, N., Peleshko, M. (2023). Factors of the fire hazard of cable products. Fire Safety, 42, 56–64. doi: 10.32447/20786662.42.2023.07
3. Kalchenko, Y., Afanasenko, К., Lypovyi, V., Pikalov, M. (2023). Determina-tion of Parameters of Electrical Conductors under Emergency Operating Condi-tions. Problems of Emergency Situations, 37, 305–316. doi: 10.52363/2524-0226-2023-37-22
4. Deng, J., Lin, Q., Li, Y., Wang, C., Wang, H., Man, P. (2023). Effect of overload current values on the fire characteristics of polyethylene (PE) copper wires. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 148, 11695–11705. Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10973-023-12522-5
5. Zhang, Y., Tang, K., Liu, Z., Chen, Y. (2021). Experimental study on thermal and fire behaviors of energized PE-insulated wires under overload currents. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 145, 345–351. Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10973-020-09745-1?fromPaywallRec=true
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Experimental verification of the electromagnetic method of detecting explosive objects.

Karpov Artem

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0009-0007-9895-1574

Kustov Maksim

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6960-6399

Korniienko Ruslan

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4854-283X

Ivanenko Oleksandr

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0009-0006-8566-0084

Sharipova Dariya

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9926-6041

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2025-41-3

Keywords: explosive ordnance, humanitarian demining, electromagnetic radiation, radar map

Аnnotation

          A detailed functional diagram of an electromagnetic explosive detector based on a high-performance digital processor of the Blackfin type has been developed. The hardware part of this detector includes a radiating antenna that generates electromagnetic waves and a receiving antenna that registers the reflected signal. It also includes a signal amplification unit, an automatic gain control system that ensures signal stability under changing environmental conditions, digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital converters for processing signals in digital form, and a timing unit that synchronizes all hardware components. This architecture allows for efficient data collection and processing at high transmission speeds and ensures prompt clock updates for the converters. On the basis of the developed prototype detector, a comprehensive experimental test was carried out to confirm the adequacy of the previously created theoretical models described in previous studies. The experiments showed that the electromagnetic properties of the environment, in particular the level of soil watering, as well as the geometric parameters of the explosive object and its design features, significantly affect the detection results. Analysis of radar images obtained during testing of the detector on samples of PMN-2, PFM-1 and TM-62 mines confirmed the effectiveness of the developed approach. In particular, the detector demonstrates the ability to detect a TM-62 mine at depths of up to 50 cm, and for anti-personnel mines (PMN-2 and PFM-1) the effective detection depth is up to 20 cm. These indicators fully meet the tactical requirements for detecting anti-personnel and anti-tank mines. To further improve the recognition accuracy and signal resolution, it is proposed to use modern mathematical models and methods of data flow processing.

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