Geometric modeling of airship device for extension of large forest fires

 

Kutsenko Leonid

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1554-8848

 

Ishchuk Maksim

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0009-0004-0170-1201

 

Kalynovskyi Andrii

State Emergency Service of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1021-5799

 

Kovalenko Roman

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2083-7601

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2025-42-4

 

Keywords: airship model, container with fire extinguishing agent, differential equation, fire, trajectory

 

Аnnotation

 

A mathematical model of the airship's motion has been developed by constructing a system of differential equations, as well as a method for estimating the time during which a container released from a cannon will fly horizontally a certain distance before falling to the ground in the zone of a probable fire and the height of its fall based on a geometric approach. Extinguishing and monitoring large-scale forest fires is conveniently carried out using an airship. In a trivial case, fire-extinguishing chemicals can simply be dropped from the airship directly onto the fire, protecting against the hot thermal gases of the fire. In practice, it is better to use a special container filled with chemicals to extinguish a fire. In this case, the container is moved to the fire center along a pre-calculated trajectory. Stabilized movement of the container is ensured by its rotation around its axis. The problem lies in the initial determination of the necessary parameter values, taking into account which, it is possible to accurately hit the container into the area where the fire center is located. The proposed mathematical model and method are quite simplified compared to more complex computer models, but at the same time they allow to more quickly establish the main characteristics of the airship's motion, as well as to predict the trajectories of a container released horizontally from the cannon of this airship. It has been established that the main dangers for airships are their dependence on weather conditions, low speed and maneuverability. The danger for the airship is represented by ascending flows of hot rarefied air with their inherent high turbulence in the zone of occurrence and spread of a forest fire. The results of the research can be used when designing airships with technical means installed on them for discrete supply of fire extinguishing agents.

References

 

  1. Kalynovskyi, A. (2021). Rozrobka modelei bahatohrannykh konteineriv dlia dostavky vohnehasnykh rechovyn. Prykladna heometriia ta inzhenerna hrafika, 101, 108–123. Available at: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/cpm_2021_21_19
  2. Abdel, I. (2018). Fire Extinguishing System for High-Rise Buildings and Rug-ged Mountainous Terrains Utilizing Quadrotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. Interna-tional Journal of Image, Graphics and Signal Processing, 10, 23–29. doi: 10.5815/ijigsp.2018.01.03
  3. Burchan, A., Emre, S., Jian, T., Michael, J. (2019). Use of Fire-Extinguishing Balls for a Conceptual System of Drone-Assisted Wildfire Fighting. Drones, 3. doi: 10.3390/drones3010017
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Advancements_in_Forest_Fire_Prevention_A_Comprehensive_Survey

  1. Wang, Y., Zhou, W., Luo, J., Yan, H., Pu, H., Peng, Y. (2019). Reliable Intelli-gent Path Following Control for a Robotic Airship Against Sensor Faults. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 24, 2572–2582. Available at: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8765402
  2. Yu, Z., Zhang, Y., Jiang, B., Su, C-Y., Fu, J., Jin, Y. (2022). Distributed Frac-tional-Order Intelligent Adaptive Fault-Tolerant Formation-Containment Control of Two-Layer Networked Unmanned Airships for Safe Observation of a Smart City. IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics, 52, 9132–9144. Available at: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/

document/9364927

  1. Ghamry, K. A., Kamel, M. A. , Zhang, Y. (2017). Multiple UAVs in forest fire fighting mission using particle swarm optimization. International Conference on Un-manned Aircraft Systems. Available at: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7991527
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323194960_Design_and_Develop_an_Autonomous_UAV_Airship_for_Indoor_Surveillance_and_Monitoring_Applications

  1. Manikandan, M., Shah, R. R., Priyan, P., Singh, B., Pant, R. S. (2024). A para-metric design approach for multi-lobed hybrid airships. The Aeronautical Journal, 128. doi: 10.1017/aer.2023.37
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document/11068472

Determining the effectiveness of new agents during the extinction of alcohol-containing motor fuels

 

Kireev Oleksandr

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8819-3999

 

Hapon Yuliana

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3304-5657

 

Chyrkina-Kharlamova Maryna

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2060-9142

 

Danyk Olena

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0009-0003-6849-3403

 

Rusenko Kateryna

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4866-6032

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2025-42-3

 

Keywords: benzene ethanol, fire extinguishing capacitycrushed foam glass, perlite, fast-setting foam

 

Аnnotation

 

The paper presents the results of experimental studies on the effectiveness of new combined fire extinguishing systems during the elimination of fires involving alcohol-containing motor fuels containing 5 % bioethanol. The introduction of a polar component – ethanol – into the composition of hydrocarbon fuel causes a change in its combustible properties and requires the creation of special extinguishing agents capable of effectively stopping the combustion of such mixtures. The research was carried out using an improved experimental technique, which involved the use of a small laboratory model fire of class “B” and the application of a base layer of loose material 4 cm thick. Granulated foam glass and expanded perlite with varying degrees of moisture content were used as study objects, as well as fast-setting foam applied to the surface of burning benzene ethanol. The bulk density, water retention, and buoyancy of loose materials in benzene ethanol were determined experimentally, which made it possible to evaluate their stability and behavior at the phase boundary during extinguishing. The optimal heights of the fire-extinguishing layers were established: for fast-setting foam – 2.5 cm, dry foam glass – 16 cm, moistened foam glass – 8 cm, a combination of dry foam glass with dry perlite – (5.5+1) cm, and a combination of dry foam glass with moistened perlite – (5+0.5) cm. The results confirmed the ability of loose materials to completely extinguish the combustion of benzoethanol and the possibility of their repeated use without reducing their fire-extinguishing properties. Based on the calculation of the comprehensive efficiency parameter, the proposed systems based on loose materials were found to be superior to traditional foam agents (23.8–24.7 points versus 14.0–16.3 points). The results confirm the feasibility and promise of using such systems to improve fire safety when working with motor fuels containing bioethanol.

 

References

 

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    en-1568-1-2018
  2. EN 1568-2:2018. Fire extinguishing media – Foam concentrates – Part 2: Spec-ification for high expansion foam concentrates for surface application to water-immiscible liquids. European committee for standardization, 41. Available at: https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/cen/1b7c7790-8464-4bc4-9ec6-b98ac41ff5ed/
    en-1568-2-2018
  3. EN 1568-3:2018. Fire extinguishing media – Foam concentrates – Part 3: Specifi-cation for low expansion foam concentrates for surface application to water-immiscible. European committee for standardization, 59. Available at: https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/cen/6e79e77f-10b9-4be3-b589-23797d03
    ae3b/en-1568-3-2018
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  9. Dubinin, D., Korytchenko K., Lisnyak A., Hrytsyna I., Trigub V. (2018). Im-proving the installation for fire extinguishing with finely dispersed water Eastern Euro-pean Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 2, 10–92, 38–43. doi: 10.15587/1729-4061.2018.127865
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  14. Pietukhov, R., Kireev, A., Tregubov, D., Hovalenkov, S.(2021) Experimental Study of the Insulating Properties of a Lightweight Material Based on Fast-Hardening Highly Resistant Foams in Relation to Vapors of Toxic Organic Fluids. Materials Science Forum, 1038, 374–382. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.1038.374
  15. Petukhov, R., Kireev, A. (2021). Modeling the insulation properties of multicomponent solid foam-like material based on gel– forming systems. Functional matireals, 3, 549–555. doi: 10.15407/fm28.03.549
  16. Musayev, M., Dadashov, I., Kireev, О., Khudiyev, R. (2024). Research fire extinguishing and insulating characteristics of fast-hardening foams. Processes of Petrochemistry and Oil Refining, 25, 2, 567–577. doi: 10.62972/1726-4685.2024.2567
  17. Makarenko, V., Kireev, А., Slepuzhnikov, Y., Hovalenkov, S. (2023). Proper-ties of multi-component fire extinguishing systems based on light bulk materials. Key Engineering Materials, 954, 177–184. doi: 10.4028/p-6v6dmx
  18. Babashov, I., Dadashov, I., Kirieiev, O., Savchenko, O., Musaiev, M. (2023). Rezultaty vyznachennia vohnehasnykh kharakterystyk lehkykh sypkykh materialiv pry hasinni etanolu. Problemy nadzvychainykh sytuatsii, 1(37), 250–263. doi: 10.52363/2524-0226-2022-36-1
  19. Kirieiev, O., Hapon, Yu., Chyrkina-Kharlamova, M., Nuianzin, V., Maiboroda, A. (2025). Vohnehasna efektyvnist lehkykh sypkykh materialiv pry hasinni atsetonu. Problemy nadzvychainykh sytuatsii, 1(41), 100–113. doi: 10.52363/2524-0226-2025-41-7
  20. Kirieiev, O., Hapon Yu., Chyrkina-Kharlamova, M., Slepuzhnikov, Ye., Cherkashyn, O. (2024). Vybir naibilsh efektyvnoho zasobu hasinnia lehkozaimystykh ridyn. Problemy nadzvychainykh sytuatsii, 2(40), 30–43. doi: 10.52363/2524-0226-2024-40-3

 

Modeling the heating of a tank wall with a burning oil product

 

Basmanov Oleksii

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6434-6575

 

Karpova Daryna

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1692-3630

 

Benediuk Vadim

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5109-5295

 

Zazymko Oleksandr

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7496-0248

 

Volodchenko Maryna

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0009-0007-8551-755X

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2025-42-1

 

Keywords: fire tank fire, heat conduction equation, radiative heat flux, convective heat transfer

 

Аnnotation

 

A mathematical model has been developed to describe the heating of the wall of a vertical steel tank containing a burning petroleum product. The model is based on the heat balance equations for the tank wall and the heat and mass balance equations for the petroleum product. For the portion of the wall above the fuel level, radiative heat exchange with the flame, the liquid surface, and the surrounding en-vironment is taken into account, as well as convective heat exchange with petroleum vapors in the tank’s gas space and with the ambient air outside the tank. The portion of the wall below the fuel level participates in convective heat exchange with the liquid and the surrounding air. The lowering of the petroleum product level in the tank leads to a decrease in the specific mass burning rate due to a reduc-tion in the mutual radiation view factor between points on the liquid surface and the flame. Numerical solutions of the system of differential equations make it possible to determine the temperature distribu-tion along the tank wall at any given time. It is shown that the upper edge of the wall experiences the greatest heating. In particular, during gasoline combustion, its temperature reaches nearly 800 °C. The greatest hazard arises from heating of the upper edge of the wall on the downwind side, due to an addi-tional heat flux to the outer wall surface from the base of the flame that extends beyond the tank as a result of wind-induced flame deformation. For example, during gasoline combustion in a vertical steel tank (5000 m3) at a wind speed of 2 m/s, the temperature of this part of the wall exceeds 950 °C. It is also shown that a decrease in the petroleum product level leads to a reduction in flame length. The rela-tive deviation between the calculated flame length and the observed one does not exceed 9 %. The ob-tained results can be used to assess the thermal state of tanks, to predict the possibility of progressive failure, and to develop fire protection measures for tank farms

 

References

  1. Santos, F. d. S., Landesmann, A. (2014). Thermal performance-based analysis of minimum safe distances between fuel storage tanks exposed to fire. Fire Safety Journal, 69, 57–68. doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2014.08.010
  2. Wang, J., Wang, M., Yu, X., Zong, R., Lu, S. (2022). Experimental and numerical study of the fire behavior of a tank with oil leaking and burning. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 159, 1203–1214. doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2022.01.047
  3. Zhao, J., Zhang, X., Zhang, J., Wang, W., Chen, C. (2022). Experimental study on the flame length and burning behaviors of pool fires with different ullage heights. Energy, 246, 123397. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2022.123397
  4. Lim, J. W., Baalisampang, T., Garaniya, V., Abbassi, R., Khan, F., Ji, J. (2019). Numerical analysis of performances of passive fire protections in processing facilities. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 62, 103970. doi: 10.1016/j.jlp.2019.103970
  5. Li, Y., Jiang, J., Yu, Y., Wang, Z., Xing, Z., Zhang, Q. (2021). Fire resistance of a vertical oil tank exposed to pool-fire heat radiation after high-velocity projectile impact. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 156, 231–243. doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2021.10.013
  6. Ding, L., Khan, F., Guo, X., Ji, J. (2021). A novel approach to reduce fire-induced domino effect risk by leveraging loading/unloading demands in chemical industrial parks. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 146, 610–619. doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2020.11.050
  7. Elhelw, M., El-Shobaky, A., Attia, A., El-Maghlany, W. M. (2021). Advanced dynamic modeling study of fire and smoke of crude oil storage tanks. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 146, 670–685. doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2020.12.002
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  9. Amin, M. T., Scarponi, G. E., Cozzani, V., Khan, F. (2024). Improved pool fire-initiated domino effect assessment in atmospheric tank farms using structural response. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 242, 109751. doi: 10.1016/j.ress.2023.109751
  10. Zhangabay, N., Suleimenov, U., Utelbayeva, A., Buganova, S., Tolganbayev, A., Galymzhan, K., Dossybekov, S., Baibolov, K., Fediuk, R., Amran, M., Duissenbekov, B., Kolesnikov, A. (2023). Experimental research of the stress-strain state of prestressed cylindrical shells taking into account temperature effects. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 18, e01776. doi: 10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01776
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  12. Zhao, J., Zhang, S., Pan, Y., Hu, Z., Zhang, J. (2025). Experimental investigation and theoretical analysis of effects of crosswind on flame lengths and tilting behaviors of pool fires with large ullage heights. Fuel, 388, 134453. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134453
  13. Kovalyshyn, V., Velykyi, N., Kovalyshyn, V., Voitovych, T., Bun, R., Novitskyi, Y., Firman, V. (2024). Devising technology for extinguishing oil tanks using compressed foam by sub-layer technique. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 3(10(129)), 6–20. doi: 10.15587/1729-4061.2024.305684
  14. Chen, C., Chen, H., Mo, L., Xiao, S., Li, C., Yang, M., Reniers, G. (2024). Buckling failure analysis of storage tanks under the synergistic effects of fire and wind loads. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 87, 105208. doi: 10.1016/j.jlp.2023.105208
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Modernization of the process of disposal of capsule bushings for artillery shots

Neklonskyi Ihor

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5561-4945

 

Smyrnov Oleg

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1237-8700

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2025-42-2

 

Keywords: ammunition, capsule sleeves, disposal, technology, agent, dynamic model, transfer function, work rate

 

Аnnotation

 

          To increase the level of efficiency, technogenic and environmental safety during the disposal of ammunition, it is proposed to modernize the existing technological process of discharging artillery ammunition capsule shells by introducing a special installation into the technological line, which operates in an automated mode. To increase the efficiency of the technological process management process during the implementation of the corresponding technology, a dynamic model of operational support of the pace of work performance by adjusting the pace of resource consumption is proposed. The description of the relationship between the management body and functional units that will directly implement the technological scheme is carried out on the basis of structural-functional and multi-agent concepts. The control system is presented in the form of a set of interconnected and interacting agents (active elements) that have their own local goals and resources that are consistent with the general goal of the sys-tem and available resources. It is determined that one of the most important elements in this structure is the functional unit. It implements the corresponding disposal technology as an active agent of the system. The activity of the executive element of the functional unit is described by a differential equation. The Laplace transform was used as a tool for solving the differential equation. This made it possible to obtain the corresponding transfer function. The use of methods for constructing multi-agent dynamic models taking into account the mathematical definition of the concept of system stability according to Rous-Hurwitz made it possible to analytically determine the condition for coordinating the inertia of work execution and resource delivery with the inertia of request implementation. The implementation of this model in the decision-making support process for organizing the technological process of discharging capsule sleeves will allow achieving the best balance of safety and efficiency of this process.

 

References

  1. Alternatives for the Demilitarization of Conventional Munitions. (2019). National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington, The National Acade-mies Press. doi: 10.17226/25140
  2. Danssaert, P., Wood, B. (2020).Surplus and Illegal Small Arms, Light Weapons and their Ammunition: the consequences of failing to dispose and safely destroy them. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341767347_Surplus_and_

Illegal_Small_Arms_Light_Weapons_and_their_Ammunition_the_consequences_of

_failing_to_dispose_and_safely_destroy_them

3 Alternative Treatment Technologies to Open Burning and Open Detonation of Energetic Hazardous Wastes – Final Report. (2019). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Available at: https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2019-12/documents/final_obod_alttechreport_for_publication_dec2019_508_v2.pdf

  1. Revisions to Standards for the Open Burning/Open Detonation of Waste Explosives, Proposed Rule. (2024). Federal Register, 89, 55, 19952–20030 Available at: https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2024-05088
  2. Cottrell, Linsey and Dupuy, Kendra. (2021). Alternatives to Open Burning and Open Detonation: The Disparity Between HMA and Commercial Best Practices. The Journal of Conventional Weapons Destruction, 25, 1, 22. Available at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/cisr-journal/vol25/iss1/22
  3. Ferreira, С., Ribeiro, J., Clift, R., Freire, F. (2019). A Circular Economy Ap-proach to Military Munitions: Valorization of Energetic Material from Ammunition Disposal through Incorporation in Civil Explosives. Sustainability, 11, 255. doi: 10.3390/su11010255
  4. Carapic, J., Deschambault, E., Holtom, P., King, B. (2018). Life-Cycle Man-agement of Ammunition: Safety, Security, and Sustainability. The Journal of Conven-tional Weapons Destruction, 22, 2, 2. Available at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/cisr-journal/vol22/iss2/2
  5. Neklonskyi, I., Smirnov, O. (2017). Development of technology for the dis-posal of capsule shells for artillery shots, taking into account the risk of an accident and the economic efficiency of the work. Problems of emergency situations, 25, 73–84. Available at: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Pns_2017_25_14
  6. Neklonskyi, I., Smirnov, O. (2022). Optimization of the technology for firing tracers from small-caliber artillery shells. Problems of emergency situations, 2(36), 349–362. doi: 10.52363/2524-0226-2022-36-25
  7. Vytvytska, O., Martynyuk, O., Shpak, N., Karcheva, G., Medynsky, I., Nodzhak, L. (2020). Structural-functional modeling for the determination of the com-pany’s equilibrium conditions in the dynamic business environment. Mathematical modeling and computing, 7, 1, 104–111. Available at: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/

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Мathematical model of heating of propane-butane gas cylinders in residential buildings

 

Klyuchka Yurii

National University of Urban Economy named by O.M. Beketov

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1066-4217

 

Doroshenko Daria

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4222-9359

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2025-41-13

 

Keywords: propane-butane, heating, unsteady heat conduction, explosion, cylinder, emergency

 

Аnnotation

 

This study investigates propane-butane gas cylinders and develops a mathematical model to predict the behavior of such systems under thermal influence. In the first stage, it was established that the share of heat required for gas heating ranges from 0.73 to 0.8, and the cylinder material can absorb from 20% to 100% of the heat, which significantly affects the heating dynamics. For cylinders with volumes of 12.7 and 26.2 liters, only at fill ratios of 0.24 and 0.36, respectively, does the amount of heat required for gas heating exceed the amount for cylinder heating. These results indicate a significant contribution of the cylinder material itself to heat absorption during cylinder heating. The second stage addresses the urgent safety problem of residential and industrial facilities caused by the widespread use of propane-butane, which is a highly flammable and explosive substance. Attention is paid to the risks associated with heating propane-butane cylinders, which can lead to increased pressure and depressurization, causing an explosion according to the BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion) scenario. The necessity of developing a mathematical model is substantiated, which would allow predicting the change in the temperature regime of cylinder components (walls, liquid, and gas) and the pressure of propane-butane within it in real-time under the influence of external factors, taking into account complex heat exchange processes. The developed model is based on the unsteady heat conduction equation for the cylinder body with third-kind boundary conditions on the outer and inner walls of the cylinder. The model construction considers the properties of the cylinder material (thermal conductivity, heat capacity, density, thermal expansion coefficient), its geometry (surface area, wall thickness, shape), etc. The obtained model will subsequently allow evaluating the temperature distribution in the cylinder wall, predicting critical values leading to failure and possible explosion.

 

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