Investigation of the influence of fire protection systems on individual fire risk

 

Savchenko Olesia

Institute for Scientific Research on Civil Protection

of the National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4140-3055

 

Nizhnyk Vadym

Institute for Scientific Research on Civil Protection

of the National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3370-9027

 

Koval Roman

Institute for Scientific Research on Civil Protection

of the National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8970-2831

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2025-42-18

 

Keywords: fire protection, risk, activation efficiency, alarm, fire extinguishing, smoke protection

 

Аnnotation

 

The paper presents the results of experimental studies on the impact of fire protection systems on individual fire risk in buildings. It is shown that the current state of the issue is determined by the lack of scientifically grounded patterns that would quantitatively describe the influence of effective operation of fire protection systems on the parameters of hazardous fire factors and, accordingly, on the calculated values of individual fire risk. A contradiction has been identified between practical approaches to ensuring fire safety and risk assessment methods that do not take into account the effectiveness of technical systems. A program and methodology for an experimental study have been proposed to verify theoretical provisions regarding the influence of fire protection systems on the dynamics of fire development as a derivative of individual fire risk. Criteria and controlled conditions have been defined, namely: temperature, smoke level, response time of the fire protection system, and the time to reach critical values of these criteria for human life. The obtained results made it possible to determine the probability coefficients of effective operation of fire protection systems and to validate the theoretical research. It has been established that the integrated functioning of fire protection systems provides a synergistic effect, reducing the rate of development of hazardous fire factors, extending the time to reach critical values such as temperature and smoke level, and thereby increasing the level of human safety during evacuation, which ultimately affects the value of individual fire risk. The research results were used to improve the methodology for assessing individual fire risk and can be applied in the development of regulatory requirements for equipping facilities with fire protection systems.

References

 

  1. Koval, R., Yemelianenko, S., Kuzyk, D. (2023). Assessing the risk of material damage of building construction of high-rise rooms due to fires and emergencies. Construction Technologies and Architecture, 9, 49–57.
  2. Wang, Y., Zheng, R., Li, M. (2024). Risk assessment of fire safety in large-scale commercial and high-rise buildings based on intuitionistic fuzzy and social graph. Journal of Building Engineering, 89, 109165. doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2024.109165
  3. International Organization for Standardization. (2024). Fire safety engineering – Selection of design fire scenarios and design fires (ISO Standard № 16733-1:2024).
  4. NFPA 550: Guide to the Fire Safety Concepts tree.
  5. SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering. Springer.
  6. Park, J., Kwark, J. (2021). Experimental study on fire sources for full-scale fire testing of simple sprinkler systems installed in multiplexes. Fire, 4(1), 8. doi: 10.3390/fire4010008
  7. Lei, W., Zhang, Z., Zheng, Z., Tai, C., Zhang, L., Zhao, S. (2024). Scaled ex-periment and numerical study on the effect of a novel makeup air system on smoke control in atrium fires. Journal of Building Engineering, 95, 110237. doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2024.110237
  8. Nizhnyk, V., Savchenko, O., Ballo, Y., Nekora, V. (2022). Theoretical ap-proaches to justify the coefficients of influence of fire protection systems on individual fire risk. In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 299–306. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-14141-6_30

9.             Savchenko, O. V., Nizhnyk, V. V., Savchenko, T. O. (2024). Program and methodology of experimental research on the influence of fire protection systems on individual fire risk. Scientific Notes of Taurida National V. I. Vernadsky University. Series: Technical Sciences, 35(74), 4, 348–353. doi: 10.32782/2663-5941/2024.4/54

Dependence of the fire resistance limit of a steel column on the load level

 

Sidnei Stanislav

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7664-6620

 

Ishchenko Ivan

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0009-0000-5050-4926

 

Kostenko Tetiana

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9426-8320

 

Motrichuk Roman

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5670-6788

 

Shkoliar Ievgenii

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7304-1677

 

Koloskov Volodymyr

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9844-1845

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2025-42-17

 

Keywords: fire resistance, finite element method, computer modeling, loss of load-bearing capacity, fire

 

Аnnotation

 

The object of the study is the stress–strain state of an unprotected steel column under the combined action of thermal and mechanical loading. The research problem lies in the absence of a simplified approach in modern engineering practice for assessing the fire resistance of steel columns that would provide an acceptable level of accuracy comparable to the results obtained through advanced numerical modeling methods. The application of such advanced methods requires significant computational resources, specialized software, and a high level of technical expertise. This makes them difficult to use during time-constrained design processes or for real-time risk assessments in practical conditions. Therefore, there is a need for a more accessible engineering tool capable of predicting the loss of load-bearing capacity of steel structures under fire exposure with sufficient accuracy, without relying on complex calculation schemes. As part of the research, calculations were performed to assess the fire resistance of an I-section steel column (section № 24) subjected to standard fire conditions in accordance with ISO 834, taking into account different levels of applied mechanical loading. The mathematical modeling was conducted in the ANSYS Workbench software environment, which made it possible to incorporate temperature-dependent material properties, the spatial geometry of the element, and the combined effect of thermal and mechanical loads. These calculations provided the basis for developing an analytical dependence of the fire resistance limit on the level of applied load. The proposed relationship ensures high accuracy, comparable to that of detailed numerical methods, while enabling a rapid assessment of the fire resistance of similar structural elements without the need for complex simulations, which typically require substantial computational capacity and specialized personnel. Thus, the results of the study formed the foundation for a practically oriented approach to the preliminary determination of the fire resistance limit of steel columns based on a known load level.

 

References

 

  1. Gvozd, V. M., Tyshchenko, O. M., Pozdieiev, S. V., Shnal, T. M., Berezovskyi, A. I., Rudeshko, I. V., Sidnei, S. O. (2021). Design of steel structures of buildings and facilities according to Eurocode 3 and national annexes of Ukraine: Textbook. Cherkasy: NUCDU.
  2. Ilchenko, M., Gvozd, V., Rudushko, I., Bas, O. (2022). Features of structural solutions of civil protection shelters: Textbook. Cherkasy: NUCDU.
  3. Khomenko, O. H. (2018). Steel structures in construction: A textbook for stu-dents of higher education institutions. Hlukhiv: Hlukhiv National Pedagogical University named after O. Dovzhenko.
  4. Vasylchenko, O. V., Kvitkovskyi, Yu. V., Myrhorod, O. V., Stelmakh, O. A. (2015). Building structures and their behavior in emergency conditions: Textbook. Kharkiv: NUCDU.
  5. Shevchenko, V. (2021). Numerical modelling of fire-exposed steel columns. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 27(4), 293–301.
  6. State Enterprise "State Research Institute of Building Structures". (2010). De-sign of steel structures. Part 1-2. General provisions. Structural fire design (EN 1993-1-2:2005, IDT). DSTU-N B EN 1993-1-2:2010 Eurocode 3 [Effective from 01.07.2013]. Kyiv: SE "State Research Institute of Building Structures", 98.
  7. Kovalenko, I., Mishchenko, D. (2023). Analysis of fire resistance of steel ele-ments with protective coatings. Fire Safety Journal, 142.
  8. State Enterprise "State Research Institute of Building Structures". (2010). Guide for the design of steel structures for fire resistance. DSTU-N B V.2.6-211:2016 [Effective from 01.07.2017]. Kyiv: SE "State Research Institute of Building Struc-tures".
  9. Bhavana, B. (2019). A study on the behaviour of steel structures subjected to fire. S-JPSET, 10, 391–395.
  10. Shnal, T. M. (2019). Development of scientific foundations for the calculation of fire resistance of building structures under the influence of parametric fire temperature regimes: Doctoral dissertation in technical sciences (21.06.02 "Fire Safety"). Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, 294.
  11. Sidnei, S., Berezovskyi, A., Kasiarum, S., Chastokolenko, I. (2023). Revealing patterns in the behavior of a reinforced concrete slab in fire based on determining its stressed and deformed state. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 5(7 (125)), 43–49. doi: 10.15587/1729-4061.2023.289930
  12. Shkarabura, I. M., Maladyka, I. H., Myhalenko, K. I., Lesechko, D. V. (2017). Assessment of fire resistance of steel structures during the operation of buildings and facilities: Monograph. Cherkasy: ChIPB named after the Heroes of Chernobyl, NUCDU.
  13. Technical Committee “Fire Safety and Firefighting Equipment”. (2022).

Test methods for determining the contribution to the fire resistance of structural ele-ments. Part 4. Passive fire protection materials for steel elements (EN 13381-4:2013, IDT). DSTU EN 13381-4:2022 [Effective from 01.06.2023]. Kyiv: Technical Commit-tee “Fire Safety and Firefighting Equipment”.

  1. Technical Committee “Fire Safety and Firefighting Equipment”. (2022).

Test methods for determining the contribution to the fire resistance of structural ele-ments. Part 8. Reactive fire protection materials for steel elements (EN 13381-8:2013, IDT). DSTU EN 13381-8:2022 [Approved by Order № 285 dated 28.12.2022 of SE “UkrNDNC”].

  1. Kovalyov, A. I., Otrosh, Y. A., Tomenko, V. I., Kondratiev, A. V. (2021). Evaluation of fire resistance of fire protected steel structures.Visnyk of the Donetsk Mining Institute, 2(49), 149–158.
  2. Gvozd, V., Nekora, O., Sidnei, S., Nedilko, I., Fedchenko, S., Tyshchenko, Ye. (2021). Study of fire resistance of elements of steel frames of industrial buildings considering the level of mechanical load. Emergencies: Prevention and Elimination, 5(1), 40–49.
  3. Nekora, V., Sidnei, S., Shnal, T., Nekora, O., Lavrinenko, L., Pozdieiev, S. (2021). Thermal effect of a fire on a steel beam with a corrugated wall and fireproof mineral-wool cladding. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 5(1(113)), 24–32.
  4. Sharshanov, A. Ya., Saichuk, I. V. (2017). Thermodynamics and heat transfer: Study guide and control assignments. Kharkiv: National University of Civil Defense of Ukraine (NUCDU).
  5. Shimanovskyi, V. M. (2013). Ukrainian Research and Design Institute of Steel Structures. (2010). Design of steel structures. Part 1-1. General rules and rules for buildings (EN 1993-1-1:2005/A1:2014, IDT). DSTU-N B EN 1993-1-1:2010 Eurocode 3 [Effective from 01.07.2013]. Kyiv: V. M. Shimanovskyi UkrNDI of Steel Structures, 150.
  6. Lee, J. (2012). Elevated-temperature properties of ASTM A992 steel for structural-fire engineering analysis (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Texas Libraries, Austin), 359.
  7. Bailey, C. G. (2000). The influence of the thermal expansion of beams on the structural behaviour of columns in steel-framed structures during a fire. Engineering Structures, 22, 755–768. doi: 10.1016/S0141-0296(99)00028-0
  8. Agarwal, A., Choe, L., Varma, A. (2014). Fire design of steel columns: Effects of thermal gradients. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 93, 107–118. doi: 10.1016/j.jcsr.2013.10.023
  9. Technical Committee “Fire Safety and Firefighting Equipment”. (2023). Fire resistance tests. Part 1. General requirements (EN 1363-1:2020, IDT). DSTU EN 1363-1:2023 [Effective from 01.03.2024]. Kyiv: Technical Committee “Fire Safety and Firefighting Equipment”, 89.

Foaming agent consumption when using protek foam nozzles for barrels.

 

Bychenko Artem

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3788-3268

 

Rotar Vasyl

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5752-5762

 

Kulitsa Oleh

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2589-6520

 

Pustovit Mykhailo

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5313-1459

 

Kotsar Yevheniy

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0009-0000-3321-1646

 

Hryb Andrii

Emergency Service of Ukraine in the Mykolaiv region

http://orcid.org/0009-0000-7910-5283

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2025-42-15

 

Keywords: air-mechanical foam, low and medium-expansion foam, Protek fire hoses

 

Аnnotation

 

In conditions of military aggression and increased fire danger at critical industrial facilities, the effective use of air-mechanical foam is of paramount importance. The introduction of combined fire barrels has changed approaches to foam formation, but the technical characteristics, in particular the consumption of foaming agent through the accompanying foam nozzles, remained insufficiently studied. The purpose of the study was to determine the actual consumption of foaming agent and establish optimal operating modes of low and medium-multiplicity foam nozzles used with combined manual and carriage barrels Protek and stationary foam mixers, which are in service with the State Emergency Service of Ukraine. During the study, an analysis of foam nozzles was carried out and the actual consumption of foaming agent when forming air-mechanical foam was determined, which allowed establishing optimal operating modes of Protek equipment. The Protek 360 barrel (with nozzles 210, 211, 225) is not advisable to use with stationary foam mixers due to significant overconsumption of foaming agent (about 66 %) even at maximum flow rate. The Protek 366 barrel (with nozzles 212, 213, 226) is optimal only at the third solution flow rate mode (6 l/s). In other modes, an overconsumption of at least 30 % was recorded. The Protek 600-1 gun carriage barrel (with nozzle 822 and foam nozzle 221) is optimal at the last three solution flow rates (15.8, 22 and 32 l/s). To ensure the maximum flow rate (32 l/s), it is necessary to use a stationary foam mixer. The results obtained have direct practical significance for increasing the efficiency of fire extinguishing. They allow you to minimize unjustified overconsumption of foaming agent and guarantee the use of equipment in modes that ensure the formation of foam with optimal fire-extinguishing characteristics.

 

References

 

  1. Pro zatverdzhennya rekomendatsiy pro osoblyvosti vykonannya orhanamy upravlinnya ta pidrozdilamy DSNS zavdanʹ za pryznachennyam u naselenykh punktakh i na terytoriyakh pid chas zbroynoyi ahresiyi: Nakaz DSNS Ukrayiny vid 02.04.2024 № 375. Available at: https://dsns.gov.ua/upload/2/0/8/0/8/1/6/rekom.pdf
  2. Рro zatverdzhennya Statutu diy u nadzvychaynykh sytuatsiyakh orhaniv uprav-linnya ta pidrozdiliv Operatyvno-ryatuvalʹnoyi sluzhby tsyvilʹnoho zakhystu: Nakaz MVS Ukrayiny vid 18.04.2024 № 251. Available at: https://zakon.rada.

gov.ua/laws/show/ z0602-24#Text

  1. Pro zatverdzhennya Statutu diy orhaniv upravlinnya ta pidrozdiliv Opera-tyvno-ryatuvalʹnoyi sluzhby tsyvilʹnoho zakhystu pid chas hasinnya pozhezh: Nakaz MVS Ukrayiny vid 26.04.2018 № 340. Available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.

ua/laws/show/z0802-18#Text

  1. Ukrayinsʹkyy naukovo-doslidnyy instytut tsyvilʹnoho zakhystu. (2016). Dovidnyk kerivnyka hasinnya pozhezhi. Kyyiv, TOV «Litera-Druk».
  2. Borovykov, V., Slutska, O., Sukach, R., Voytovych, D. (2025). Use of film-forming foaming agents for fire extinguishing in light of the provisions of the stock-holm convention on permanent organic pollutants. Pozhezhna bezpeka, 46, 5–19. doi: 10.32447/20786662.46.2025.01
  3. Myroshnyk, O. M., Zemlyansʹkyy, O. M., Pylypenko, M. M. (2019). Compact medium-fluid foam generator. Nadzvychayni sytuatsiyi: poperedzhennya ta likvidatsiya, 3(1), 51–58. Available at: https://fire-journal.ck.ua/index.php/

fire/article/view/25

  1. Kovalyshyn, V., Velykyi, N., Kovalyshyn, V., Voitovych, T., Bun, R., Novitskyi, Y., Firman, V. (2024). Devising technology for extinguishing oil tanks using compressed foam by sub-layer technique. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 3(10(129), 6–20. doi: 10.15587/1729-4061.2024.305684
  2. Stas, S., Bychenko, A., Kolesnikov, D., Myhalenko, K., Koval, O. (2021). Rhe-ology properties of foaming agents Pyren-1, Sofir, Alpen, Moussol, Sthamex, Pianol. Nadzvychayni sytuatsiyi: poperedzhennya ta likvidatsiya, 5(2), 89–96. doi: 10.31731/2524.2636.2021.5.2-89-94
  3. Stas, S., Bychenko, A., Myhalenko, M., Kolesnikov, D. (2023). Experimental study of the geometric characteristics of watering zones formed by a handline nozzle protek-366. Journal of the Technical University of Gabrovo, 67, 34–36. doi: 10.62853/XQCZ2078
  4. Stas, S., Kolesnikov, D., Bychenko, A., Borsuk, O. (2025). Establishing the effect of low-percentage doses of foaming agents on increasing fluid consumption at its transportation by fire hoses. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 2(10(134), 53–61. doi: 10.15587/1729-4061.2025.327906
  5. 210 – foam aeration tube – protek manufacturing corp. Handline Nozzles, Monitor Nozzles – Protek Manufacturing Corp. Available at: https://www.protekfire.

com.tw/handline-nozzles/foam-aeration-tubes/240-210

  1. 211 – foam aeration tube – protek manufacturing corp. Handline Nozzles, Monitor Nozzles – Protek Manufacturing Corp. Available at: https://www.protekfire.com.tw/handline-nozzles/foam-aeration-tubes/242-211
  2. 212 – foam aeration tube – protek manufacturing corp. Handline Nozzles, Monitor Nozzles – Protek Manufacturing Corp. Available at: https://www.protekfire.

com.tw/handline-nozzles/foam-aeration-tubes/243-212

  1. 213 – foam aeration tube – protek manufacturing corp. Handline Nozzles, Monitor Nozzles – Protek Manufacturing Corp. Available at: https://www.protekfire.

com.tw/handline-nozzles/foam-aeration-tubes/245-213

  1. 221 – monitor foam aeration tube – protek manufacturing corp. Handline Nozzles, Monitor Nozzles – Protek Manufacturing Corp. Available at: https://www.

protekfire.com.tw/handline-nozzles/foam-aeration-tubes/253-221

  1. 225 – medium expansion foam aeration tube – protek manufacturing corp. Handline Nozzles, Monitor Nozzles – Protek Manufacturing Corp. Available at: https://www.protekfire.com.tw/handline-nozzles/foam-aeration-tubes/254-225
  2. 226 – medium expansion foam aeration tube – protek manufacturing corp. Handline Nozzles, Monitor Nozzles – Protek Manufacturing Corp. Available at: https://www.protekfire.com.tw/handline-nozzles/foam-aeration-tubes/255-226
  3. 360 – 1" selectable gallonage nozzle with pistol grip – protek manufacturing corp. Handline Nozzles, Monitor Nozzles – Protek Manufacturing Corp. Available at: https://www.protekfire.com.tw/handline-nozzles/selectable-gallonage-nozzles/66-360
  4. 366 – 1-1/2" selectable gallonage nozzle with pistol grip – protek manufacturing corp. Handline Nozzles, Monitor Nozzles – Protek Manufacturing Corp. Available at: https://www.protekfire.com.tw/handline-nozzles/selectable-gallonage-nozzles/68-366
  5. 368-TO – high-range selectable gallonage nozzle tip only – protek manufacturing corp. Handline Nozzles, Monitor Nozzles – Protek Manufacturing Corp. Available at: https://www.protekfire.com.tw/handline-nozzles/selectable-gallonage-nozzles/106-368-to
  6. 600-1 – single-inlet portable ground monitor – protek manufacturing corp. Handline Nozzles, Monitor Nozzles – Protek Manufacturing Corp. Available at: https://www.protekfire.com.tw/monitors/portable-ground-monitors/75-600-1
  7. 600-2 – dual-inlet portable ground monitor – protek manufacturing corp. Handline Nozzles, Monitor Nozzles – Protek Manufacturing Corp. Available at: https://www.protekfire.com.tw/monitors/portable-ground-monitors/307-600-2
  8. 822 – adjustable flow monitor nozzle – protek manufacturing corp. Handline Nozzles, Monitor Nozzles – Protek Manufacturing Corp. Available at: https://www.

protekfire.com.tw/monitor-nozzles/adjust-flow-baffle-monitor-nozzles/270-822

24.       887 – self-educting monitor nozzle – protek manufacturing corp. Handline Nozzles, Monitor Nozzles – Protek Manufacturing Corp. Available at: https://www.protekfire.com.tw/foam-equipment/self-educting-nozzles/371-887

Simulation of operational deployment with air booster installation with further development of standards

 

Borodych Pavlo

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9933-8498

 

Pokaliuk Viktor

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8706-7096

 

Cherkashyn Oleksandr

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3383-7803

 

Churylo Karyna

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6233-9982

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2025-42-16

 

Keywords: network model, critical path, air blower, standard, expert assessment method

 

Аnnotation

 

A simulation model of the operational deployment of fire and rescue vehicle calculation numbers with an air blower installation is proposed. The simulation modeling was carried out using a network model. The calculations of the mathematical expectation and the standard deviation of each individual operation of the operational deployment of fire and rescue vehicle calculation numbers with an air blower installation allowed us to analyze the proposed model and determine the critical path. The critical path in the simulation model of operational deployment with an air blower installation is the path of actions of rescuer № 2 and rescuer № 3, who actually perform all actions together, only at the end of rescuer № 2 there is a small time gap, i.e. rescuer № 3 will have the greatest time delay. Scientifically substantiated standards for the operational deployment of fire and rescue vehicle numbers with an air compressor installation were developed, in which the expert assessment method was used to determine the weighted average estimates of the corresponding shares of possible results. The experts were teachers of the National University of Civil Defense of Ukraine and employees of the operational coordination center of the Main Directorate of the State Emergency Service in the Kharkiv region. They were asked to provide the corresponding share of all possible results, assigned, respectively (as is currently accepted in the operational and rescue services), to the assessment of "excellent", "good", "satisfactory" or "unsatisfactory". In order to reduce the influence of incompetent experts on the final assessment, the method of determining the average expert assessment was used, which is based on the weighted average value of the assessments provided by the experts. The proposed operational deployment standards with the installation of an air blower both in pro-tective clothing and additionally in body armor were tested.

 

References

 

  1. MVS Ukrainy. (2023). Nakaz № 780: Pro zatverdzhennia Poriadku orhanizatsii roboty orhaniv upravlinnia ta pidrozdiliv, zakladiv osvity systemy DSNS pid chas pidhotovky osobovoho skladu, hasinnia pozhezh, likvidatsii naslidkiv nadzvychainykh sytuatsii ta inshykh nebezpechnykh podii v umovakh ekstremalnykh temperatur, zadymlenosti, zahazovanosti, radioaktyvnoho, khimichnoho zabrudnennia ta biolohichnoho zarazhennia. Available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/card/z1839-23
  2. MVS Ukrainy. (2023). Nakaz № 480: Pro zatverdzhennia Zmin do Poriadku orhanizatsii sluzhbovoi pidhotovky osib riadovoho i nachalnytskoho skladu sluzhby tsyvilnoho zakhystu. Available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z1186-23#Text
  3. NFPA 1500. Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program. Available at: http://www.fsans.ns.ca/pdf/research/nfpa1500.pdf
  4. Tochihara,, Lee, J. Y., Son, S. Y. (2021). A review of test methods for evaluating mobility of firefighters wearing personal protective equipment. Industrial Health, 60(2), 106–120. doi: 10.2486/indhealth.2021-0157
  5. OSHA 1910.156. Fire brigades. Available at: https://www.osha.
    gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9810
  6. NFPA 1033. Standard for Professional Qualifications for Fire Investigator. Available at: http://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codesand-standards?mode=code&code=1033
  7. Texas City Refinery explosion. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
    Texas_City_Refinery_explosion
  8. Multi-part Document BS EN 1846 – Firefighting and rescue service vehicles. doi: 10.3403/BSEN1846
  9. Morris, C., Chander, H. (2018). The impact of firefighter physical fitness on job performance: a review of the factors that influence fire suppression safety and success. Safety, 4(60), 4–11. doi: 10.3390/safety4040060
  10. Stevenson, R., Siddall, A., Turner, P., Bilzon, J. (2020). Implementation of physical employment standards for physically demanding occupations. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 62(8), 647–653. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000001921
  11. Gumieniak, R., Shaw, J., Gledhill, N., Jamnik, V. (2021). Physical employment standard for Canadian wildland fire fighters: identifying and characterising critical initial attack response tasks. Ergonomics, 61(10), 1299–1310. doi: 10.1080/00140139.2021.1464211
  12. Manco G., Ritacco E., Mungari S., Guarascio M. (2025). Network Topology. Encyclopedia of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (Second Edition). 2, 2025, 542–555. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-95502-7.00126-3
  13. Strelec, V. M., Stecuk, E. I., Shepelev, I. V. (2018). A statistical method of substantiating standards for evaluating the level of preparedness of pyrotechnicians (on the example of wearing personal protective equipment of a sapper). Military and technical collection, 21(2), 99–10 doi: 10.33577/2312-4458.19.2018.85-93

 

 

Study of the influence of sodium hexametaphosphate on the properties of silica-containing fireproofing coating for building materials

 

Lysak Nataliia

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5338-4704

 

Skorodumova Olga

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8962-0155

 

Chernukha Anton

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0365-3205

 

Goncharenko Yana

National University of Civil Protection e of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1766-3244

 

Ivanenko Oleksandr

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0009-0006-8566-0084

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52363/2524-0226-2025-42-14

 

Keywords: fire-retardant silica-containing coatings, silicophosphate coatings, modifying phosphorus-containing additives, building materials, heat resistance, fire resistance, extruded polystyrene foam

 

Аnnotation

 

The influence of the technology for obtaining fire-retardant compositions based on liquid glass for fire protection of building finishing materials was studied. The influence of the silicate module of liquid glass on the rheological properties of silicic acid sols modified with phosphate-containing compounds was studied. According to the results of spectrophotometric measurements, it was established that the ratio n(SiO₂)/n(Na₂O) in liquid glass within 2.5–3 does not significantly affect the survivability of the compositions. The influence of the ratio of the initial components on the duration of solidification of the sols was determined. It was established that the preliminary introduction of 0.1 wt. % Trilon B into tap water allows obtaining stable silicic acid sols over time, which is a prerequisite for the formation of a homogeneous fire-retardant coating. Fire tests were carried out on samples of wood and extruded polystyrene foam coated with compositions of the studied composition. It was found that the content of 2 % orthophosphoric acid and 0.1 % sodium hexametaphosphate provides mass loss of wood samples less than 7.5 %, which corresponds to the I group of fire-retardant efficiency of coatings, and the protected material belongs to the group of low-flammability. For extruded polystyrene foam, the best fire-retardant effect was demonstrated by compositions with a sodium hexametaphosphate content of 1 %: mass loss of samples varied within 1–3 %, burning drops were not formed, and the samples did not support combustion. It is assumed that the increased fire resistance of coatings with a higher content of phosphorus-containing additive is associated with the fusibility of sodium compounds and their ability to transfer the fire-retardant coating to a visco-plastic state, which contributes to the dissipation of deformation stresses and prevents the formation of cracks in the coating.

 

References

  1. McKenna, S., Jones, N., Peck, G., Dickens, K., Pawelec, W., Oradei, S., Harris, S., Stec, A., Hull, T. (2018). Fire behaviour of modern façade materials – Un-derstanding the Grenfell Tower fire. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 368, 115–123. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.077
  2. Guillaume, E., Dréan, V., Girardin, B., Benameur, F., Fateh, T. (2019). Recon-struction of Grenfell Tower fire. Part 1: Lessons from observations and determination of work hypotheses. Fire and Materials, 44(1), 3–14. doi: 10.1002/fam.2766
  3. Kilinc, M. (2014). Silicon Based Flame Retardants. In Non‐Halogenated Flame Retardant Handbook, 169–199. doi: 10.1002/9781118939239.ch5
  4. Cui, Y., Xu, Z., Li, Y., Lang, X., Zong, C., Cao, L. (2022). Synergistic thermo-dynamic compatibility of polydimethylsiloxane block in thermoplastic polyurethane for flame retardant materials: Super flexible, highly flame retardant and low smoke release. Polymer, 253, 124976. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124976
  5. Kang, Y., Zou, Y., Di, X., Yang, J., Sun, J., Li, H., Gu, X., Zhang, S. (2025). To improve the flame retardancy, mechanical properties, and water resistance of PC/ABS alloy by a polydimethylsiloxane. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 111347. doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111347
  6. Niemczyk, A., Dziubek, K., Sacher-Majewska, B., Czaja, K., Czech-Polak, J., Oliwa, R., Lenża, J., Szołyga, M. (2018). Thermal stability and flame retardancy of polypropylene composites containing Siloxane-Silsesquioxane resins. Polymers, 10(9), 1019. doi: 10.3390/polym10091019
  7. Wang, S., Yang, X., Li, Z., Xu, X., Liu, H., Wang, D., Min, H., Shang, S. (2020). Novel eco-friendly maleopimaric acid based polysiloxane flame retardant and application in rigid polyurethane foam. Composites Science and Technology, 198, 108272. doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2020.108272
  8. Cheng, S., Zhao, Z., Lu, P., He, S., Zhou, W., Deng, C., Wang, Y. (2024). Fire-safe thermoplastic polyurethane created by a novel silane-containing phosphate. Materials Letters, 367, 136597. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2024.136597
  9. Chen, F., Zhang, J., Li, N., Zhang, C., Ji, B., Hu, L., Zhao, T., Wang, Z., Zhang, S. (2018). Heat insulating, fire retardant and flexible inorganic nanocomposite paper. Materials & Design, 144, 281–289. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2018.02.039
  10. Yang, S., Liu, Z., Wang, Z., Wu, Y. (2023). Organic–inorganic hybrid of silica sol to promote flame retardant and mechanical properties of wood. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 81(5), 1313–1325. doi: 10.1007/s00107-023-01944-5
  11. Cheng, X., Tang, R., Guan, J., Zhou, S. (2020). An eco-friendly and effective flame retardant coating for cotton fabric based on phytic acid doped silica sol approach. Progress in Organic Coatings, 141, 105539. doi: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2020.105539
  12. Lysak, N., Skorodumova, O., Chernukha, A. (2023). Development of a fire-proof coating containing silica for polystyrene. Problems of Emergency Situations, 2(38), 192–202. doi: 10.52363/2524-0226-2023-38-10
  13. Lysak, N., Skorodumova, O., Chernukha A., Goncharenko, Y., Melezhyk, R. (2024). Silicophosphate fireproof coatings for building materials. Problems of Emer-gency Situations, 1(39), 262–271. doi: 10.52363/2524-0226-2024-39-19
  14. Lysak, N., Skorodumova, O., Chernukha, A., Kochubei, V., and Sotiriadis, K. (2025). Study of Gelation Processes in Flame Retardant Compositions of the SiO2 Sol System – A Phosphate-Containing Additive. Defects and Diffusion Forum, 438, 101–110. doi: 10.4028/p-I2sYIR
  15. Mastalska-Popiawska, J., Izak, P. (2017). Effect of silicate module of water glass on rheological parameters of poly(sodium acrylate)/sodium silicate hydrogels. Journal of Physics Conference Series, 790, 012021. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/790/1/012021
  16. Sivasakthi, M., Jeyalakshmi, R., Rajamane, N.P. (2021). Effect of change in the silica modulus of sodium silicate solution on the microstructure of fly ash geopolymers. Journal of Building Engineering, 44, 102939. doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102939
  17. Wang, Q., Bian, H., Li, M., Dai, M., Chen, Y., Jiang, H., Zhang, Q., Dong, F., Huang, J., Ding, Z. (2022). Effects of a Water-Glass module on compressive strength, size effect and Stress–Strain behavior of geopolymer recycled aggregate concrete. Crystals, 12(2), 218. doi: 10.3390/cryst12020218
  18. BASF. (2007). Trilon® B types (Technical Information TI/EVD 1085 e). Ludwigshafen, Germany: BASF Aktiengesellschaft.
  19. DSTU-N B В.2.7-304:2015 Nastanova z vigotovlennya ta zastosuvannya luzhnikh tsementіv, betonіv ta konstruktsіi na їkh osnovі. Chynnyi z 01.04.2016. Kyiv: Mіnіsterstvo regіonalnogo rozvitku, budіvnitstva ta zhitlovo-komunalnogo gospodarstva Ukraїni. 2016.
  20. DSTU 4479:2005. (2006). Rechovyny vohnezakhysni vodorozchynni dlia derevyny. Zahalni tekhnichni vymohy ta metody vyprobuvannia. Chynnyi z 01.10.2006. Кyiv: Derzhspozhyvstandart Ukrainy, 17.
  21. DSTU 8829:2019 (2020). Pozhezhovybukhonebezpechnist rechovyn i materialiv. Nomenklatura pokaznykiv i metody yikhnoho vyznachennia. Klasyfikatsiia. Chynnyi z 01.01.2020. Vyd. ofits. Kyiv: UkrNDNTs, 75.
  22. Zribi, M., Baklouti, S. (2021). Investigation of phosphate based geopolymers formation mechanism. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 562, 120777. doi: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2021.120777
  23. Karan, R., Pal, P., Maiti, P., Das, K. (2021). Structure, properties and in-vitro response of SiO2-Na2O-CaO-P2O5 system, based glass-ceramics after partial replace-ment of Na2O by Li2O. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 556, 120554. doi: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2020.120554
  1. Y. Klyuchka, D. Doroshenko, R. Kornіienko. Research on the time to reach fire-hazardous concen-trations in a room during a natural gas leak. Р. 193-205.
  2. K. Almazov, Yu. Mykhailovska. Mathematical model of optimal logistics routes of fire tank trucks when extinguishing landscape fires. Р. 177-192
  3. V. Nuianzin, D. Tregubov, A. Maiboroda, L. Trefilova, V. Mazurov. Modeling ammonium nitrate explosive properties. Р. 160-176.
  4. V. Avetisian, А. Lisniak, S. Shevchenko, K. Ostapov, Yu. Senchykhyn. Scientific and methodological principles for justifying training standards in body armor. Р. 138-159.