Scientific Journal Problems of Emergency Situations

A study of the lifetime of rapid-hardening foams (RHF) obtained on the basis of the gel-forming system Na2O • nSiO2 (9% solution) + NaHCO3 (9% solution) was performed. Ways to increase the stability of the foam have been identified. The type of additional chemical compounds that increase the stability characteristics of the rapid-hardening foams has been determined experimentally. It was found that the addition of substances such as glycerin, polyvinyl alcohol and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) leads to a partial or significant increase in the lifetime of rapid-hardening foams. In the course of experimental studies, the composition of the gelling system for obtaining rapid-hardening foams with a high lifetime was established. Such a system is Na2O·nSiO2 (9 % solution) + NaHCO3 (9 % solution) + CMC (0,5% vol.) + foaming agent «Morskoy» (6% vol.). It was found that increasing the concentration of CMC negatively affects the mobility of rapid-hardening foams and its multiplicity. Thus, in the system without CMC the multiplicity of the obtained foam was about 14, and in the system with the addition of 0.5% CMC the multiplicity sharply decreased by about 2,5 times and became equal to 6. The addition of 1% CMC leads to the formation of foam multiplicity 3. When trying to obtain foam from solutions in which the mass fraction of CMC was 1,5 and 2%, the formation of low multiplicity foam (<2) of inhomogeneous structure. At the same time, the mobility of the foam decreased, which led to a multiple decrease in its ability to spread on the surface of the liquid. It has been experimentally established that increasing the stability of RHF by adding a water-soluble film former (CMC) to the foaming system leads to the formation of a solid film which increases the strength of the solid gel framework. At the same time, the hard film can increase the insulating properties of the foam.

References

Kozachenko, T. І. (2012). Geoіnformacіjne kartografuvannya tekhnogennih zagroz vіd potencіjno nebezpechnih objektіv. Vіsnik geodezії ta kartografіji, 1 (76), 14–25.
Jiang-hua ZHAN, GabLai-jun ZHAO. (2007). Risk Analysis of Dangerous Chemicals Transportation. Systems Engineering – Theory & Practice, 27, 117–122.
Peter, I. Kawamura, Donald Mackay. (1987). The evaporation of volatile liq-uids // Journal of Hazardous Materials, 15, 343–364.
Defence Standard 42–40. (2002). Foam Liquids, Fire Extinguishing (Concen-trates, Foam, Fire Extinguishing), UK Ministry of Defence, 2.
Pietukhov, R.,Kireev, A., Slepuzhnikov, E., Chyrkina, M., Savchenko. A. (2020). Lifetime research of rapid-hardening foams // Problems of emergency situa-tions, 31, 226–233.
Pietukhov, R. A., Kireev, O. O., Slepuzhnikov, E. D. (2020). Doslidzhennya chasu vtrati tekuchosti geleutvoryuyuchikh sistem Nа2O ∙ 2,5SiO2 + NH4Cl та Na2O 2,5SiO2 + (NH4)2SO4, yaki zaproponovano vikoristovuvati dlya oderzhannya izolyuyuchikh pin. Problemi nadzvichaynih situatsiy, 30, 155–163.
Gennady, N. Kuprin, Denis, S. Kuprin. (2017). Fast-Hardening Foam: Fire and Explosion Prevention at Facilities with Hazardous Chemicals. Journal of Materials Science Research, 6, 56–61.
Denis, S. Kuprin. (2017). Physical–chemical explanation of fire-fighting efficiency of FHF (fast-hardening foam) based on structured silica particles. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 81, 36–41.
Hazard Classification Guidance for Manufacturers, Importers, and Employers. Occupational Safety and Health Administration U.S. Department of Labor. (2016). OSHA 3844-02, 406–419.
Vladimir Moskvitin, Dmitry Moskvitin, Natalia Emelyanova. (2018). Optimi-zation of the foam generation regime in a cylindrical channel // International Scientific Conference “Investment, Construction, Real Estate: New Technologies and Special-Purpose Development Priorities”, 212, 1–8.
Youjie Sheng, Shouxiang Lu, Ning Jiang, Xiujuan Wu, Changhai Li. (2018). Drainage of aqueous film-forming foam stabilized by different foam stabilizers // Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 39, 1266–1273.
Maryam Karimi, M. R. Naimi-Jamal. (2019). Carboxymethyl cellulose as a green and biodegradable catalyst for the solvent-free synthesis of benzimidazoloquinazolinone derivatives // Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 23, 182–187.

Improving the efficiency of utilization of anti-land blasting mines OZM-72

Oleg Smirnov

National University of Civil Defense of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1237-8700

Ihor Tolkunov

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5129-3120

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4400198

Keywords: utilization, explosive object, anti-personnel fragmentation shell jumping round mine OZM-72, ammunition collector

Abstract

The technology of discharging and utilization of anti-personnel fragmentation mines of circular destruction OZM-72 by disassembly into constituent elements has been developed, which allows rational extraction of all available materials and allows to obtain and transfer to enterprises scrap metal and other substances to be used in the national economy. To this end, the international and national regulatory framework in the field of reducing stocks of surplus ammunition, ammunition unsuitable for further use and storage and those to be destroyed and stored in warehouses, bases and arsenals of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine, as well as scientific and practical research carried out by leading scientists in our country and abroad, which allowed to justify the feasibility and procedure for the disposal of selected for the study of mines OZM-72. To increase the efficiency of work on the disposal of the above ammunition developed a method of optimal distribution of personnel in the workplace, taking into account the risk of accident, which is a mathematical sequence of actions that can be applied to certain specific conditions, taking into account a specific spatial planning solution (shops) to perform the above operations for the disposal of antipersonnel fragmentation mines OZM-72. The results of testing the proposed method allowed to determine a number of analytical relationships that confirm the relationship between the intensity of mine OZM-72 for discharge and disposal and the intensity of work at each workplace, taking into account the available human resources, which in turn has a significant impact on time , and hence the ratio of downtime of mines and personnel in the workplace in the event of an unbalanced flow of mines on the production line or irrational distribution of personnel in the workplace. This approach can be implemented by the relevant bodies of the SES in the process of examination of the disposal of ammunition and explosives during the implementation of control measures, approval of regulations and other documents on disposal.

References

Human Rights Watch и Landmine Action, Banning cluster munitions: state strategy and practice. (2009). Ottawa: Mines Action Canada, 249–250. URL: http://lm.icbl.org/lm09_annual_report.
Kmeč Ján, Hreha Pavol, Hlaváček Petr, Zeleňák Michal, Harničárová Marta, Kuběna Vlastimil, Knapčíková Lucia, Mačej Tomáš, Duspara Miroslav, & Cumin Josip. (2010). Disposal of discarded munitions by liquid stream. Slovakia: Technical Gazette, 3(2010), 383–388.
Sladkov, V. Yu., & Dudina, Yu. V. (2011). Promising methods of demilitari-zation and utilization of ammunition. Izvestiya TulSU. Technical science. Problems of special mechanical engineering. Tula: TulSU, 2, 302–307.
Chaika, T. V., Gavrish, V. M., Derbasova, N. M., & Vasiliev, D. M. (2015). Utilization of explosives and ammunition by a microbiological method with automated control of process parameters. Sevastopol: FGAOU VO «Sevastopol State University», Institute of Natural and Technical Systems, 144–149.
Shyman, L., & Ustimenko, Y. (2009). Disposal and destruction processes of ammunition, missiless and explosives, which constitute danger when storing. NATO Security through Science Series. C: Environmental Security, 147–152.
Haibo, Liu, Yidong, Wang, & Hongjuan, Zhu. (2015). The Technology Meth-od Research Of Scrap Ammunition Destruction / Liu Haibo, Wang Yidong, Zhu Hongjuan // 3rd International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Intelligent Systems (ICMEIS 2015). Beijing, China: Department of naval equipment, 201–205.
Army launches biggest project in past 20 years to dispose of surplus and obso-lete munitions. (2015). Rock Island Arsenal, Illinois. URL: https://www.military aero-space.com/test/article/16714022
Demilitarization and destruction of conventional ammunition. (2015). Interna-tional ammunition technical guideline IATG 10.10:2015. UN ODA, 40.
A structured approach to Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) and the re-quirements of ISO 31000. (2010). AIRMIC, Alarm, IRM, 18.
Smirnov, O. M., Barbashin, V. V., & Tolkunov, I. O. (2018). Utilization and destruction of explosive objects: textbook. way. Volume 3. Organization of utilization and destruction of missiles and ammunition at arsenals, bases and warehouses. Khar-kov: NUCDU, FOP Panov A. M., 416.
Ventzel, E. S. (1980). Operations research: tasks, principles, methodology. Moscow: The main edition of the physical and mathematical literature.

Analysis of possible risks of emergencies on the territory of the kharkov region

Hryhorii Ivanets

National University of Civil Defense of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4906-5265

Ihor Tolkunov

National University of Civil Defense of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5129-3120

Ivan Popov

National University of Civil Defense of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4705-4404

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4400192

Keywords: emergency situation, danger factors, level of danger for the territory and population of the region

Abstract

A study of danger factors for the territory and population of the Kharkov region, the risks of sources of emergencies, the level of danger for the territory and population of the region. Studies have shown that the state of the environment and the technogenic situation in the Kharkov region due to many interrelated factors are characterized by an increase in the potential for emergencies and the severity of their consequences. Analysis of hazard factors for the region showed that among the natural threats should be identified flooding, landslides and karst processes, subsidence of forest soils and complex hydrometeorological phenomena, man-made threats include radiation, chemical, fire and explosion. This is due to the presence in the Kharkov region of risks of emergencies of various natural factors and the state of fixed assets of enterprises, the presence of potentially dangerous objects in the region, irrational economic activities, depletion of natural resources, huge environmental load on the study region, others economic and social development indicators. The article proposes to improve the methodology of quantitative characterization of the level of danger for the territory and population of the region, which takes into account the average annual number of emergencies and population density, and characterizes the threat to the territory and population of the region and the state as a whole. Comparative risk assessment for the territory and population of the region was carried out by comparing statistical indicators of danger for the region and the state, respectively. It was determined that the level of danger for the study area is considered relatively acceptable. The usefulness and expediency of research is due to the fact that such an analysis is the basis for substantiation of organizational and technical measures to prevent and adequately respond to emergencies in the region, taking into account the potential dangers in this area.

References

Guskova, N. D., & Neretina, E. A. (2013). Threats of natural character, factors affecting sustainable development of territories and their prevention. Journal of the Geographical Institute Jovan Cvijic, SASA, 63, 3, 227–237. doi:https://doi.org/ 10.2298/iigil.303227g
Report on the main results of the Civil Service of Ukraine for Emergencies in 2018. URL: http://www.dsns.gov.ua/files/2018/1/26/Zvit%202018(КМУ). pdf
Tiutiunyk, V. V., Ivanetz, H. V., Tolkunov, I. A., & Stetsyuk, E. I. (2018). System approach for readiness assessment units of civil defense to actions at emergency situations. Scientific Bulletin of National Mining University, 1, 99–105. doi: https://doi: org/ 10.29202/nvngu/2018-1/7
Nivolianitou, Z., & Synodinou, B. (2011). A Towards emergency management of natural disasters and critical accidents: The Greek experience. Journal of Environmental Management. 92, 10, 2657–2665. doi:https://doi:org/10. 1016/j.jenvman.2011.06.003
Neisser, F., & Runkel, S. (2017). The future is now! Extrapolated risks capes, anticipatory action and the management of potential emergencies. Geoforum, 82, 170–179. doi:https://doi:org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.04.008
Ivanets, H., Horielyshev, S., Ivanets, M., Baulin, D., Tolkunov, I., Gleizer, N., & Nakonechnyi A. (2018). Development of combined method for predicting the process of the occurrence of emergencies of natural character. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 5, 10(95), 48–55. Doi: https:// Doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2018.143045
Kelman, Ilan. (2017). Linking disaster risk reduction, climate change, and the sustainable development goals. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 3, 254–258. URL: http:/www.emeraldinsight.com/toc/dpm/26/3
David, O. (2017). Urban critical infrastructure interdependencies in emergency management: Findings from Abeokuta, Nigeria. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 2, 162–182. URL: http:/www. emeraldinsight.com/ toc/dpm/26/2
Pradhan, R., & Kumar, R. (2010). Forecasting Exchange Rate in India: An Application of Artificial Neural Network Model. Delhi, India: Journal of Mathematics Research. 2, 4, 111–117. doi:https://doi.org/10.5539/jmr.v2n4p111
Kotovenko, O. A., Sobolevskaya, L. I., & Miroshnichenko, O. Y. (2014). Stochastic modeling in the study of processes under the influence of nature management in the region. Eastern European Journal of Advanced Technology, 2/14, 37–41.
Belyaev, N. N., Gunko, E. Yu., & Mashikhina, P. B. (2013). Mathematical modeling in the problems of environmental safety and emergency monitoring. Dnieper, Accent PP, 158.
Kryanev, A., Ivanov, V., Romanova, A., Sevastianov, L., & Udumyan, D. (2018). Extrapolation of Functions of Many Variables by Means of Metric Analysis // EPJ Web of Conferences, 173:03014. doi: https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/ 201817303014
Tsurikov, A. N. (2013). Application of artificial neural network for identification of stability of botton layer of anmosphere // Applied and Fundamental Studies: Proc. of the 2nd Int. Acad. Conf. March 8-10, 2013. St. Louis, Missouri, USA, 226–231.
Gabdulkhakova, Aygul, Konig-Ries, Birgstta, Rizvanov, Dmitry. (2012). Rational Resource Allocation in Mass Casualty Incidents. Adaptivity and Efficiency. Proceedings of the 9th International ISCRAM Conference. Vancouver, Canada.
Deng, S. C., Wu, Q., & Shi, B., et al. (2014). Prediction of Resource for Responding Waterway Transportation Emergency Based on Case-Based Reasoning. China Safety Science Journal, 24, 79–84.

Improving the structure of the decision support information system

Roman Kovalenko

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2083-7601

Andrii Kalynovskyi

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1021-5799

Borys Kryvoshei

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2561-5568

Ghryghorij Korotenko

Dnipro University of Technology

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3774-5260

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4400194

Keywords: emergency rescue formation, information system, humanitarian aid, emergency, dangerous event

Abstract

The paper considers the process of functioning of information systems to support decision-making by the management of emergency response. The main advantages and disadvantages of known information systems are determined. It has been established that none of the analyzed systems provides full information support when making decisions to the emergency management leadership regarding the amount of necessary humanitarian aid to the affected population and possible ways of delivering these goods. The functionality of the previously mentioned information system has been determined, in particular, a function has been added that helps in resolving issues of providing humanitarian assistance to the affected population. The logical architecture of the information system for decision-making support during emergency response has been improved, which consists of four databases, a knowledge base, a decision module and a geographic information system module. The knowledge base of the information system has an algorithm that allows you to determine the commodity-nomenclature structure of humanitarian cargo consignments, as well as their sizes. In conditions of minor damage to the road surface and bridges, it is possible to deliver goods by road, and in conditions of their significant destruction by air. The decision-making module first assesses the possibility of delivering cargo by road, as an alternative to aviation, which ultimately reduces the cost of providing humanitarian assistance to the population affected by the emergency. The application of the multimodal transport method for the delivery of humanitarian cargo consignments is proposed. The efficiency has been evaluated and it has been established that with the method of direct transportation by helicopter, the delivery time is more than 31 % less than during combined transportation. At the same time, fuel consumption in case of multimodal transportations is almost 75 % less than during direct transportations using a helicopter.

References

Tiutiunyk, V. V., Ivanets, H. V., Tolkunov, I. A., Stetsyuk, E. I. (2018). System approach for readiness assessment units of civil defense to actions at emergency situations. Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, 1, 99-105.
Wu, X., Wu, L. (2011). Evaluation of the Fire Emergency Rescue Capability in Urban Community. Procedia Engineering, 11, 536-540.
Vlasov, K. S., Denisov, A. N. (2016). Metodika analiza pokazateley operativnogo reagirovaniya pozharno-spasatelnyih podrazdeleniy. Tehnologii tehnosfernoy bezopasnosti, 3(67), 207-213.
Aldabbas, M., Venteicher, F., Gerber, L., Widmer, M. (2018). Finding the Adequate Location Scenario After the Merger of Fire Brigades Thanks to Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis Methods. Foundations of Computing and Decision Sciences, 43(2), 69-88.
Pieter, L. van den Berg, Guido, A. G. Legemaate, Rob D. van der Mei. (2017). Increasing the Responsiveness of Firefighter Services by Relocating Base Stations in Amsterdam. INFORMS PubsOnLine, 47, 352-361.
Kovalenko, R. I. (2017). Improvement of the method of determining the number and nomenclature of the park of cars in fire-related surfaces of the city at the example of the city of Kharkov. East European Scientific Journal, (25), 48-56.
Krasuski, A., Krenski, K. (2014). Decision Support System for Blockage Management in Fire Service. Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric, 37(50), 107-123.
Xing, Z., Gao, W., Zhao, X., Zhu, D. (2013). Design and Implementation of City Fire Rescue Decision Support System. Procedia Engineering, 52, 483-488.
Mainak, B., Varun, S. (2016). Development of agent based model for predicting emergency response time. Perspectives in Science, 8, 138-141.
Kalіnovskiy, A., Kovalenko, R. (2018). Udoskonalennia matematychnoi modeli otsinky chasu reahuvannia pidrozdiliv na nadzvychaini sytuatsii. Problemy nadzvychainykh sytuatsii, 27, 31-38.
Kalіnovskiy, A., Kovalenko, R. (2017). Statystychne doslidzhennia kharakteru nebezpechnykh podii, yaki vynykaiut v misti Kharkovi. Komunalne hospodarstvo mist, 135, 159-166.

Mathematical model of prevention of emergencies caused by fire of radioactively-polluted forests

Taras Kachur

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1683-956X

Vitaliy Sobyna

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6908-8037

Dmytro Taraduda

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0058

Maksym Dement

National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4975-384X

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4400131

Keywords: emergency, radioactive contamination, emergency prevention, fire, forest, unmanned aerial vehicle, mathematical model

Abstract

The mathematical model of prevention of emergencies caused by fires in radioactively contaminated forests is theoretically substantiated. The model is a system of three analytical dependences: the first allows to calculate the probability of detection of a radioactive harbinger of forest fire depending on the geometric dimensions of the controlled forest area, search time and search effort applied and determined by search strategies; the second allows you to calculate the value of search effort (search performance) depending on the geometric dimensions of the radioactive anomaly and the range of its detection by the main and additional channels; the third determines the detection range of a radioactive anomaly depending on the speed and altitude of unmanned aerial vehicles. An experimental verification of the efficiency of the proposed mathematical model with the help of a laboratory setup and methods of conducting experiments with its use. Thus, it is established that especially in the early stages of ignition, the spherical law works: the wave front expands like the walls of a cylinder, and the radiation intensity decreases in proportion to the distance. This means that as a result of relaxation processes occurring in the atmosphere, the attenuation of radiation by a value whose specific value depends on the frequency of radiation and some physical parameters of the surface layers of the atmosphere. Taking into account the results obtained in the work in preventing the development of an emergency caused by a fire in a radioactively contaminated forest allows the emergency response manager to make the right management decisions and ensure safe working conditions for rescuers. Further research is planned to develop a methodology for forecasting emergencies caused by fires in radioactively contaminated forests using reconnaissance unmanned aerial vehicles.

References

Kachur T. V., Taraduda, D. V., Dement, M.O. (2020). Prognozuvannya nadzvy`chajny`x sy`tuacij, vy`kly`kany`x pozhezhamy` radioakty`vno-zabrudneny`x lisovy`x masy`viv. Problemy` nadzvy`chajny`x sy`tuacij, 31, 123-137. Retrieved from http://repositsc.nuczu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/11278.
Badarinath, K. V. S., Sharma, A. R., Kharol, S. K. (2011). Forest fire monitoring and burnt area mapping using satellite data: a study over the forest region of Kerala State, India. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 32/1, 12-23. doi.org/10.1080/01431160903439890.
Evangeliou, N. (2014). Wildfires in Chernobyl-contaminated forests and risks to the population and the environment: A new nuclear disaster about to happen? Environment International, 73, 346-358.
Zibtsev, S. (2011). Wildfires Risk Reduction From Forests Contaminated by Radionuclides: A Case Study of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Exclusion Zone. The 5th International Wildland Fire Conference Sun City, South Africa 9-13 May. 39-49. Retrieved from https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5be04d64506fbe3067f96916/t/5be78761758d463fccb986bc/1541900129600/Zibtsev-Oliver-GoldammerWildfire2011_paper.pdf.
Goldammer, J. G., Kashparov, V., Zibtsev, S. (2014). Best practices and recommendations for wildfire suppression in contaminated areas, with focus on radioactive terrain. Retrieved from http://gfmc.online/globalnetworks/seeurope/OSCE-GFMC-Report-Fire-Management-Contaminated-Terrain-2014-ENG.pdf.
Agera, A. A., Laskob, R., Myroniukc,V., Zibtsevd, S., Daye, M. A., Useniaf, V., … Evers, C. R. (2019). The wildfire problem in areas contaminated by the Chernobyl disaster. Science of The Total Environment, 696, 5-17. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969719339245.
Zibtsev, S. V., Goldammer, J. G., Robinson, S. (2015). Fires in nuclear forests: silent threats to the environment and human security. Scholarly Journal, 66.2015/1-2, 40-51.
Evangeliou, N., Balkanski, Y., Cozic, A., Hao, W. M., Mouillot, F., Thonicke, K., … Moller, A. P. (2015). Fire evolution in the radioactive forests of Ukraine and Belarus: future risks for the population and the environment. Ecological Monographs, 85/1, 49-72. Retrieved from https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1890/14-1227.1.
Dvornik, A. A., Klementeva, E.A., Dvornik, A. M. (2017). Assessment of 137Cs contamination of combustion products and air pollution during the forest fires in zones of radioactive contamination. Radioprotection, 52(1), 29-36.
Azarenko, E. V., Borodina, N. A., Goncharenko, Ju. Ju., Divizinjuk, M. M., Zheljak, E. D., Kachur, T. V., … Fesaj, A. P. (2017). Inzhenerno-tehnicheskij metod zashhity ljudej ot porazhajushhih faktorov chrezvychajnyh situacij, vyzvannyh zagrjazneniem atmosfery radioaktivnymi i otravljajushhimi veshhestvami na otkrytoj mestnosti. Tehnogenna-ekologіchna bezpeka ta civіl'nij zahist, 12, 5-13.

Page 1 of 2

Pietukhov R., Kireev A., Slepuzhnikov E., Savchenko A., Shevchenko S., Deineka V., Increasing lifetime of the rapid-hardening foam. P. 215-222.

Smyrnov O., Tolkunov I. Improving the efficiency of utilization of anti-land blasting mines OZM-72. P. 199-214.

Ivanets H., Tolkunov I., Popov I. Analysis of possible risks of emergencies on the territory of the kharkov region. P. 173-185.

Kovalenko R., Kalinovskiy A., Kryvoshei B., Korotenko G. Improving the structure of the decision support information system. P. 186-198.

Kachur T., Sobyna V., Taraduda D., Dement M. Mathematical model of prevention of emergencies caused by fire of radioactively-polluted forests. P. 158-172.